151 lines
25 KiB
Markdown
151 lines
25 KiB
Markdown
---
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category: "Private Organization"
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aliases:
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- "Forbes Media"
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- "Forbes Media LLC"
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- "Forbes magazine"
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- "Forbes Global Media Holdings"
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- "Forbes Global Holdings"
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- "Forbes Global"
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tags:
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- Organization
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- Media
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- Business
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- Publishing
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- HongKong
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- SPAC
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- Forbes400
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- BoardForInternationalBroadcasting
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summary: "American business magazine founded in 1917 by B.C. Forbes, whose owners sold a majority stake in 2014 to a Hong Kong group, and whose 2021 SPAC merger and 2023 sale to Austin Russell both collapsed."
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location: "New York City, New York, USA"
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relations:
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- type: founded
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with: "[[B.C. Forbes]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1917
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fn: 1
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- type: founded
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with: "[[Walter Drey]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 1917
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fn: 2
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- type: head_of
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with: "[[Steve Forbes]]"
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reverse: true
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role: "chairman, chief executive and editor-in-chief"
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start: 1990
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fn: 15
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Integrated Whale Media Investments]]"
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reverse: true
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start: 2014
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fn: 3
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- type: owned
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with: "[[Elevation Partners]]"
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reverse: true
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end: 2014
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fn: 3
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- type: partner_of
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with: "[[Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited]]"
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start: 2021
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end: 2022
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fn: 22
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created: 2026-09-23
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updated: 2026-10-14
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---
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Forbes is an American business magazine and media company published by Forbes Media LLC in [[New York City]]. [[B.C. Forbes]] founded the magazine in 1917 with [[Walter Drey]].[^1][^2] [[Steve Forbes]] was its chairman and editor-in-chief at the time of the 2014 sale of a majority stake, and the company's announcement said he would continue in that role.[^3]
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### Founding and the Forbes family
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B.C. Forbes went to work for the [[Journal of Commerce]] in New York City in 1904, and [[William Randolph Hearst]] hired him in 1911 as a business and financial columnist and editor for the [[New York American]].[^4] Walter Drey, general manager of the [[Magazine of Wall Street]], was his partner. Forbes supplied the money and the name, and Drey supplied the publishing expertise.[^5] The magazine began as a bimonthly first planned under the name "Doers and Doings" and was published as Forbes. Drey became vice president of the [[B.C. Forbes Publishing Company]], and B.C. Forbes served as editor-in-chief until his death in 1954.[^6]
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B.C. Forbes married Adelaide Stevenson in 1915, and the couple had five sons. In his later years he was assisted by his two eldest, [[Bruce Charles Forbes]] (1916-1964) and [[Malcolm Forbes]] (Malcolm Stevenson Forbes, 1917-1990).[^7] Steve Forbes was born on July 18, 1947, in Morristown, New Jersey, and graduated from Princeton in 1970; the White House nomination papers of 1983 to 1990 give the same birth date, birthplace and degree for Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr.[^8]
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### Board for International Broadcasting
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The [[Board for International Broadcasting]] oversaw [[Radio Free Europe]] and [[Radio Liberty]]. The presidential announcements concerning its membership name Steve Forbes as Malcolm Forbes, Jr., and give his birth date as July 18, 1947.
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On May 16, 1983, the White House announced the intention to nominate Malcolm Forbes, Jr. to the board for a term expiring April 28, 1986, succeeding [[Mark Goode]]. The announcement described him as president of Forbes Magazine in New York City and listed his birth date as July 18, 1947. The same announcement named four other nominees: [[Clair W. Burgener]], a former congressman from [[California]]; [[Lane Kirkland]] (Joseph Lane Kirkland), president of the [[AFL-CIO]]; [[Arch L. Madsen]], president of [[Bonneville International]]; and the writer [[James A. Michener]] (James Albert Michener).[^9] [[Thomas F. Ellis]], the North Carolina lawyer who ran [[Jesse Helms]]'s political organization, had been nominated to the same board on February 8, 1983, and asked to be withdrawn on July 28, 1983, two days after a [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] hearing on his nomination.[^10]
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A White House announcement of September 16, 1985 stated the President's intention to designate Malcolm Forbes, Jr. as chairman of the board, noted that he had served as a member since September 23, 1983, and said that he would succeed [[Frank Shakespeare]].[^11] On January 22, 1987, the President announced the intention to renominate him for a term expiring April 28, 1989 and, on confirmation, to redesignate him as chairman. That announcement described him as president and chief operating officer of Forbes, Inc., a graduate of [[Princeton University]] (B.A., 1970), born July 18, 1947, in Morristown.[^12]
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On January 4, 1990, during the presidency of [[George H. W. Bush]], the White House announced the intention to nominate Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr. to the board for a term expiring April 28, 1992 and, on confirmation, to designate him chairman. The announcement described him as president and chief operating officer of Forbes, Inc. and deputy editor in chief of Forbes magazine, formerly vice president and secretary of Forbes, Inc., and listed service in the New Jersey National Guard in 1970.[^13] On June 19, 1992 the White House announced the intention to nominate Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., of New Jersey, for a term expiring April 28, 1995. The announcement stated: "Since 1985, Mr. Forbes has served as Chairman of the Board for International Broadcasting," and described him as editor-in-chief, president and chief executive officer of Forbes, Inc. and Forbes magazine.[^14]
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The [[Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation]] biography of Steve Forbes states that in 1985 President [[Ronald Reagan]] named him chairman of the "bi-partisan Board for International Broadcasting," that in this position he oversaw the operation of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, that President Bush reappointed him, and that he served until 1993. The same biography states that he assumed the chief executive position at Forbes in 1990.[^15] His father, Malcolm Forbes, died in 1990.[^7]
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### The Forbes 400 and the John Barron call
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[[Jonathan Greenberg]], a former Forbes reporter, wrote that Malcolm Forbes conceived the Forbes 400 in 1981 and assigned him to travel the country for a year interviewing wealthy people and those who worked with them. The first list appeared in 1982 and included [[Donald Trump]] at $100 million; Greenberg wrote that Trump was worth roughly $5 million at the time, citing government reports and books that appeared much later.[^16] Greenberg wrote that the 1982 family estimate of $200 million, with Donald Trump and his father [[Fred Trump]] each credited half, rested on Trump's account of the family's apartments in Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, and that the 1983 list carried $200 million for each of them. He wrote that [[Roy Cohn]] telephoned him at his Forbes desk in the summer of 1982, said he was looking at Trump's bank statement, and refused to produce it, and that Cohn telephoned again in 1983 to say Trump was worth more than $700 million.[^17]
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In an opinion piece published April 20, 2018, Greenberg wrote that in May 1984 a caller from the Trump Organization identifying himself as "John Barron" telephoned him while he was reporting for the Forbes 400. Greenberg wrote that "Barron" said Trump had taken possession of the business he ran with his father, quoting him as saying "Most of the assets have been consolidated to Mr. Trump" and that Trump held "in excess of 90 percent" of the family business. The piece includes audio of a call captioned May 17, 1984. Greenberg wrote that he listened to the tapes again decades later and concluded the caller was Trump, and that Forbes raised Trump's estimate to $400 million in 1984, to $600 million in 1985, when his father was dropped from the list, and to $1.7 billion in 1989 after Trump sent a Forbes reporter a statement of a $3.7 billion net worth. He wrote that the magazine removed Trump from the list in 1990 and kept him off for five years.[^18]
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The [[Washington Post]] reported in May 2016 that Trump had posed as "John Miller" and "John Barron" in calls to reporters. On NBC's TODAY show that month Trump denied it: "It was not me on the phone. And it doesn't sound like me on the phone, I will tell you that." NBC reported that in a 1990 court case Trump testified, "I believe on occasion I used that [John Barron] name," and quoted a Newsday article of July 13, 1990 stating that Trump acknowledged using the alias "John Baron."[^19]
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### Sale to Integrated Whale Media
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On July 18, 2014, Forbes Media announced an agreement under which "a group of international investors will purchase a majority stake in the company." The Forbes family would "retain a significant ownership stake," and the private equity firm [[Elevation Partners]] would "fully exit its investment." The terms were not disclosed.[^3] The buyer was [[Integrated Whale Media Investments]] (IWM), a newly formed [[Hong Kong]] investor group led by [[Integrated Asset Management]] (Asia) Limited. The announcement identified [[Wayne Hsieh]], co-founder of [[ASUSTeK Computer]] and based in [[Singapore]], as another significant investor in IWM.[^20]
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Integrated Asset Management was founded by [[Tak Cheung Yam]], who was quoted in the announcement: "As more market-based economies emerge globally, interest in the information that Forbes provides and the message it delivers resonates with a growing audience."[^20] The announcement said that Steve Forbes would continue as chairman and editor-in-chief and that [[Mike Perlis]] would continue as president and chief executive.[^20]
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A later SEC proxy statement describes the structure: Forbes Global Holdings Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Integrated Whale Media Investment Inc. (IWM), held 95 percent of the share capital of Forbes Global Media Holdings, Inc., and Highlander Management LLC held the other 5 percent. On July 16, 2014, two days before the announcement, Forbes Media, LLC entered into a Services Agreement with Highlander Management Co. of NY, Inc., a subsidiary of Highlander, under which members of the Forbes family agreed to attend board meetings and company events and provide other services; the agreement was amended on November 30, 2018. A Settlement Agreement dated November 26, 2016 among IWM, Forbes Global Holdings, Forbes Global Media Holdings, Highlander Management LLC, Forbes Media Holdings LLC and Forbes Financial Services LLC terminated a shareholders agreement between IWM and Highlander, with the tag-along, drag-along, preemptive and information rights surviving. The Services Agreement and a second amendment drafted in August 2021 provided Highlander an annual fee of $1 million and travel reimbursement of up to $250,000.[^21]
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### Magnum Opus Acquisition, 2021 to 2022
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[[Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited]], a Cayman Islands blank check company, completed its initial public offering on March 25, 2021. Its chief executive, [[Jonathan Lin]], met representatives of IWM, described in the proxy statement as the majority shareholder of Forbes, on March 27, 2021, and the company signed a nondisclosure agreement with Forbes on March 30, 2021. The company's proxy statement states that it reviewed 21 acquisition opportunities before Forbes.[^21]
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On August 26, 2021, Magnum Opus, whose shares were listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] under the symbol OPA and whose principal executive offices were in Hong Kong, signed a business combination agreement with Integrated Whale Media Investment Inc., Highlander Management LLC, Forbes Global Holdings Inc. and Forbes Global Media Holdings, Inc. The aggregate consideration was valued at $620,000,000, subject to adjustments for cash and indebtedness. Closing required that trust account cash and PIPE investments total at least $400,000,000. The PIPE was an agreement to buy 40,000,000 Class A shares at $10.00 per share, for gross proceeds of $400,000,000.[^22]
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On February 10, 2022, Forbes announced a $200 million strategic investment from [[Binance]], through Binance's assumption of subscription agreements representing $200 million of commitments in the existing $400 million PIPE, and said that the combination was expected to close in the first quarter of 2022.[^23] On March 28, 2022, the parties extended the termination date to May 31, 2022. On June 1, 2022, IWM, acting as shareholders' representative, notified Magnum Opus that it was terminating the business combination agreement, and the related agreements were terminated the same day.[^24] On September 29, 2022, Magnum Opus signed a merger agreement with Asia Innovations Group Limited.[^25]
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### Austin Russell bid, 2023
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On May 12, 2023, Forbes announced that [[Austin Russell]], founder and chief executive of [[Luminar Technologies]], would acquire an 82 percent stake in Forbes Global Media Holdings in a deal valuing the company at close to $800 million. IWM would keep a minority stake and one board seat, the Forbes family would not keep a stake, Steve Forbes would remain involved, and Russell would not be involved in day-to-day operations.[^1] Forbes had described Russell in 2021 as the world's youngest self-made billionaire.[^26] The [[Wall Street Journal]] reported Russell's statement: "Forbes is something I had always looked up to as a brand and as a media empire."[^27]
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The closing was set for November 1, 2023. [[Axios]] reported that the deal fell apart after the Indian investment firm [[Sun Group]] and others did not wire money they were contractually obligated to, and that Sun Group vice chair [[Shiv Khemka]] had reportedly committed to invest $300 million.[^26] [[Bloomberg]] was the first to report the termination, citing an internal memo from Forbes chief executive [[Michael Federle]]. On November 21, 2023, IWM terminated the agreement after Russell failed to secure the investor group needed to close. TechCrunch reported that Russell had been granted an extension to the deadline. A statement from Russell's family office read: "The Forbes acquisition was all about impact, and to further the philosophy of business-for-good and philanthropy with the next generation of capitalism." According to sources familiar with the deal, an updated agreement sent to the Russell side contained terms for the investor group that were described as untenable.[^26] According to the Washington Post, IWM said it was terminating its agreement after the buyer, a group led by Russell, "couldn't deliver on closing." The sale had drawn criticism on Capitol Hill and scrutiny by the [[Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States]] over possible foreign involvement.[^28]
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Luminar's annual report for 2023 stated that Russell held all of its Class B common stock and approximately 75.4 percent of its voting power as of December 31, 2023.[^29] On May 14, 2025, Luminar announced that Russell had resigned as president, chief executive and chairperson of the board, effective immediately, following a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics inquiry by the board's Audit Committee.[^30]
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### Reporting on Palantir, ICONIQ and Epstein
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[[Andy Greenberg]]'s August 14, 2013 article, headlined "How A 'Deviant' Philosopher Built Palantir, A CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut," described the customers of [[Palantir Technologies]] as including "the NSA, the FBI and the CIA," and said that the CIA was "an early investor through its In-Q-Tel venture fund."[^31]
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Brian Solomon's December 1, 2014 profile of [[Divesh Makan]], then 41, said that Makan had "turned his otherwise run-of-the-mill registered investment advisory into an exclusive members-only Silicon Valley billionaires club" through [[ICONIQ Capital]].[^32]
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Forbes reported in February 2026 (Thomas Brewster) that [[Ehud Barak]] helped [[Jeffrey Epstein]] invest approximately one million dollars in [[Reporty]] in 2015, an investment that could have grown to be worth up to one hundred million dollars. Reporty later renamed itself [[Carbyne]].[^33]
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### Footnotes
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[^1]: Palmeri, Christopher, "Forbes magazine's new majority owner is a 28-year-old billionaire who made his money in self-driving car tech," Fortune (Bloomberg), May 12, 2023 (founding in 1917 by B.C. Forbes; Russell's 82 percent stake and valuation close to $800 million; IWM minority stake and board seat; the Forbes family out; Steve Forbes remaining involved; Russell's role). https://fortune.com/2023/05/12/forbes-austin-russell-acquisition-majority-stake/
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[^2]: Clan Forbes Society, "B.C. Forbes, Magazine and Media Founder, 1880-1954," account of the partnership with Walter Drey and the magazine. https://www.clan-forbes.org/bc-forbes
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[^3]: Forbes Media LLC, "Forbes Media Agrees To Sell Majority Stake To A Group Of International Investors To Accelerate The Company's Global Growth," press release, July 18, 2014 (archived), on the investor group, the Forbes family stake, the Elevation Partners exit, the undisclosed terms, and Steve Forbes and Mike Perlis continuing in their posts. http://web.archive.org/web/20140718220248/http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/07/18/forbes-media-agrees-to-sell-majority-stake-to-a-group-of-international-investors-to-accelerate-the-companys-global-growth/
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[^4]: Clan Forbes Society, "B.C. Forbes," account of his 1904 move to New York City and his 1911 hiring by Hearst. https://www.clan-forbes.org/bc-forbes
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[^5]: Clan Forbes Society, "B.C. Forbes," account of the partnership with Walter Drey, general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, and the division of money and publishing expertise. https://www.clan-forbes.org/bc-forbes
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[^6]: Clan Forbes Society, "B.C. Forbes," account of "Doers and Doings," the bimonthly format, Drey's vice presidency and B.C. Forbes's editorship until 1954. https://www.clan-forbes.org/bc-forbes
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[^7]: Clan Forbes Society, "B.C. Forbes," account of the 1915 marriage, the five sons, and the assistance of Bruce Charles Forbes (1916-1964) and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes (1917-1990). https://www.clan-forbes.org/bc-forbes
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[^8]: Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute, "Steve Forbes," Board of Trustees biography, https://www.reaganfoundation.org/about-us/board-of-trustees/steve-forbes ; George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564
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[^9]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of Five Members of the Board for International Broadcasting," May 16, 1983, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/262151
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[^10]: United Press International, dispatch on the withdrawal of Thomas Ellis, Washington, July 28, 1983; United States Senate, nomination PN59-1, Thomas F. Ellis, Board for International Broadcasting, 98th Congress. https://www.congress.gov/nomination/98th-congress/59/1
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[^11]: Ronald Reagan, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," September 16, 1985, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/390622
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[^12]: Ronald Reagan, "Nomination of Malcolm Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 22, 1987, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/252829
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[^13]: George Bush, "Nomination of Malcolm S. Forbes, Jr., To Be a Member of the Board for International Broadcasting, and Designation as Chairman," January 4, 1990, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/264564
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[^14]: George Bush, "Digest of Other White House Announcements," June 19, 1992, The American Presidency Project. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/node/391789
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[^15]: Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Institute, "Steve Forbes," Board of Trustees biography. https://www.reaganfoundation.org/about-us/board-of-trustees/steve-forbes
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[^16]: Greenberg, Jonathan, "Trump lied to me about his wealth to get onto the Forbes 400. Here are the tapes," Washington Post, April 20, 2018 (archived July 19, 2025), on the origin of the Forbes 400 in 1981, the 1982 listing at $100 million and the estimate of roughly $5 million. http://web.archive.org/web/20250719020416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html
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[^17]: Greenberg, Jonathan, Washington Post, April 20, 2018 (archived), on the 1982 and 1983 interviews and the telephone calls from Roy Cohn. http://web.archive.org/web/20250719020416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html
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[^18]: Greenberg, Jonathan, Washington Post, April 20, 2018 (archived), on the May 1984 calls from "John Barron," the audio captioned May 17, 1984, and the estimates of 1984, 1985, 1989 and 1990. http://web.archive.org/web/20250719020416/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/trump-lied-to-me-about-his-wealth-to-get-onto-the-forbes-400-here-are-the-tapes/2018/04/20/ac762b08-4287-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html
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[^19]: Rafferty, Andrew, "Trump Denies Posing as His Own Spokesman, Including in 1991 Interview," NBC News, May 13, 2016, on the Washington Post's report of the Miller and Barron names, Trump's denial on TODAY, his 1990 testimony, and the Newsday report of July 13, 1990. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna573766
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[^20]: Forbes Media LLC, press release, July 18, 2014 (archived), paragraphs on Integrated Whale Media Investments, Integrated Asset Management, Tak Cheung Yam and Wayne Hsieh. http://web.archive.org/web/20140718220248/http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbespr/2014/07/18/forbes-media-agrees-to-sell-majority-stake-to-a-group-of-international-investors-to-accelerate-the-companys-global-growth/
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[^21]: Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited, preliminary proxy statement (Form PRER14A), filed March 28, 2022, sections "Background of the Business Combination" and "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions - Forbes Services Agreement" and "Shareholders Agreement" (95 percent and 5 percent holdings; Services Agreement of July 16, 2014 and its 2018 and 2021 amendments; Settlement Agreement of November 26, 2016; meetings of March 27 and March 30, 2021). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1843121/000110465922038449/tm2132270-13_prer14a.htm
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[^22]: Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited, Form 8-K, filed August 26, 2021, Item 1.01, business combination agreement among the company, IWM, Highlander Management LLC, Forbes Global Holdings Inc. and Forbes Global Media Holdings, Inc.; $620,000,000 aggregate consideration; PIPE of 40,000,000 Class A shares at $10.00 for $400,000,000; closing condition of $400,000,000 in combined cash. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1843121/000110465921109797/tm2125497d1_8k.htm
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[^23]: Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited, Form 8-K, filed February 10, 2022, Exhibit 99.1, "Forbes Announces $200 Million Strategic Investment from Binance," February 10, 2022. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1843121/000110465922018267/tm226048d1_ex99-1.htm
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[^24]: Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited, Form 8-K, filed June 1, 2022, Item 1.02, extension of the termination date to May 31, 2022 on March 28, 2022, and the termination notice from IWM and termination of the ancillary agreements on June 1, 2022. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1843121/000110465922066897/tm2217269d1_8k.htm
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[^25]: Magnum Opus Acquisition Limited, Form 8-K, filed September 29, 2022, Item 1.01, Agreement and Plan of Merger with Asia Innovations Group Limited. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1843121/000110465922104201/tm2226813d1_8k.htm
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[^26]: Korosec, Kirsten, "Tech CEO Austin Russell's bid to buy Forbes fails," TechCrunch, November 21, 2023, citing Axios and Bloomberg (November 1 closing date; Sun Group; Shiv Khemka; the memo from Michael Federle; the statement from Russell's family office; the updated agreement). https://techcrunch.com/2023/11/21/tech-ceo-austin-russells-bid-to-buy-forbes-fails/
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[^27]: Loizos, Connie, "Austin Russell became the youngest self-made billionaire in 2021; now he owns Forbes," TechCrunch, May 12, 2023, quoting Russell's statement to the Wall Street Journal. https://techcrunch.com/2023/05/12/austin-russell-became-the-youngest-self-made-billionaire-in-2021-now-he-owns-forbes/
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[^28]: Nieman Journalism Lab, "What We're Reading," November 22, 2023, summarizing Belton, Catherine, and Todd C. Frankel, "Deal to sell Forbes collapses after questions about funds and foreign influence," Washington Post. https://www.niemanlab.org/reading/deal-to-sell-forbes-collapses-after-questions-about-funds-and-foreign-influence/
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[^29]: Luminar Technologies, Inc., Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed February 28, 2024, risk factor on control by the founder. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1758057/000162828024007616/lazr-20231231.htm
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[^30]: Luminar Technologies, Inc., Form 8-K, filed May 15, 2025, Exhibit 99.1, "Luminar Announces Leadership Transition," May 14, 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1758057/000162828025025599/exhibit991leadershiptransi.htm
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[^31]: Greenberg, Andy, "How A 'Deviant' Philosopher Built Palantir, A CIA-Funded Data-Mining Juggernaut," Forbes, August 14, 2013 (archived). http://web.archive.org/web/20141228035702/http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/08/14/agent-of-intelligence-how-a-deviant-philosopher-built-palantir-a-cia-funded-data-mining-juggernaut/
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[^32]: Solomon, Brian, "The Spider Of Silicon Valley: Inside 'Zuck & Friends' Secret Billionaire Fund," Forbes, December 1, 2014 (archived). http://web.archive.org/web/20141201154053/http://www.forbes.com/sites/briansolomon/2014/12/01/the-spider-of-silicon-valley-inside-zuck-friends-secret-billionaire-fund/
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[^33]: Brewster, Thomas. "Epstein Could Have Made $100 Million On A Secret Police Tech Investment With Ehud Barak." *Forbes,* February 10, 2026. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2026/02/10/epstein-police-surveillance-investments-with-ehud-barak/
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