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200
00 - META/CHANGELOG.md
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- 2026-10-09T2058 · [[South Africa]] - 2026-10-09T2152 · [[Wackenhut Corporation]]
- 2026-10-09T2058 · [[CIA Family Jewels]] - 2026-10-09T2150 · [[George Knapp]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[White House]] - 2026-10-09T2150 · [[Howard Hughes]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[P.W. Botha]] - 2026-10-09T2150 · [[KLAS-TV]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Tom McNear]] - 2026-10-09T2150 · [[Jeremy Corbell]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[SCANATE]] - 2026-10-09T2149 · [[Frank Wisner]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Ingo Swann]] - 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Melvin J. Lasky]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Ed Dames]] - 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Michael Josselson]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Center Lane]] - 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Wackenhut Services]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[First Intercontinental Development Corporation]] - 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Julius A. Stratton]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Las Vegas]] - 2026-10-09T2148 · [[Project Troy]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Project Azorian]] - 2026-10-09T2147 · [[Skinwalker Ranch]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Stafford Sands]] - 2026-10-09T2147 · [[UAP Task Force]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Stargate Project]] - 2026-10-09T2145 · [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[G. Gordon Liddy]] - 2026-10-09T2143 · [[Jay Stratton]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[John B. Alexander]] - 2026-10-09T2143 · [[Robertson Panel]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Coordinate Remote Viewing]] - 2026-10-09T2143 · [[McGeorge Bundy]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[VELA Satellite]] - 2026-10-09T2143 · [[Ford Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[George K. Pender]] - 2026-10-09T2142 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Meyer Lansky]] - 2026-10-09T2142 · [[Center for International Studies]]
- 2026-10-09T2057 · [[Jack Anderson]] - 2026-10-09T2118 · [[Walt Rostow]]
- 2026-10-09T2056 · [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] - 2026-10-09T2116 · [[Henry A. Kissinger]]
- 2026-10-09T2055 · [[Spurgeon M. Keeny, Jr.]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[KONA BLUE]]
- 2026-10-09T2054 · [[Nuclear Intelligence Panel]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[U.S. Air Force]]
- 2026-10-09T2054 · [[Jimmy Carter]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[IBM]]
- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Jack P. Ruina]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[NASA]]
- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Harold M. Agnew]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[Radiance Technologies]]
- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Gerald G. Oplinger]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[Rockefeller Foundation]]
- 2026-10-09T2053 · [[Frank Press]] - 2026-10-09T2115 · [[Council on Foreign Relations]]
- 2026-10-09T2052 · [[Donald M. Kerr]] - 2026-10-09T2114 · [[VELA Satellite]]
- 2026-10-09T2052 · [[Air Force Technical Applications Center]] - 2026-10-09T2114 · [[Louis H. Roddis, Jr.]]
- 2026-10-09T2049 · [[Burns & Roe, Inc.]] - 2026-10-09T2114 · [[Dimona]]
- 2026-10-09T2047 · [[Grill Flame]] - 2026-10-09T2114 · [[University of California]]
- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Radio Free Europe]] - 2026-10-09T2113 · [[Project Camelot]]
- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Peter Hurkos]] - 2026-10-09T2113 · [[Max Millikan]]
- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[Harry Stump]] - 2026-10-09T2113 · [[Nelson Rockefeller]]
- 2026-10-09T2039 · [[John Palmer]] - 2026-10-09T2112 · [[Operation Paperclip]]
- 2026-10-09T2038 · [[Melissa Russo]] - 2026-10-09T2112 · [[Wernher von Braun]]
- 2026-10-09T2038 · [[Julie Lejeune]] - 2026-10-09T2111 · [[Redstone Arsenal]]
- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Project Troy]] - 2026-10-09T2111 · [[Missile and Space Intelligence Center]]
- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Gertrude Schmeidler]] - 2026-10-09T2111 · [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Cold War]] - 2026-10-09T2110 · [[Grill Flame]]
- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Marleen De Cokere]] - 2026-10-09T2109 · [[Leonard N. Weigner]]
- 2026-10-09T2036 · [[Michel Lelievre]] - 2026-10-09T2109 · [[Charles Marsh]]
- 2026-10-09T2035 · [[Marc Dutroux]] - 2026-10-09T2109 · [[Robert Lang]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Sidney Cooke]] - 2026-10-09T2109 · [[Kenneth Hellstrom]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Gay Palace]] - 2026-10-09T2109 · [[Don Berlage]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[John Gay]] - 2026-10-09T2108 · [[National Institute for Discovery Science]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Lee Tucker]] - 2026-10-09T2108 · [[Harry Reid]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[Alan Williams]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Arkansas]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[International Child Trafficking Network Overview]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Mena, Arkansas]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[HIK Report]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Korean War]]
- 2026-10-09T2034 · [[HIK Investigation]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Iran-Contra Affair]]
- 2026-10-09T2033 · [[Operation Framework]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Freedom of Information Act]]
- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Jean-Marc Connerotte]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Spartacus International]]
- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Royal Zoute Golf Club]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Southern Air Transport]]
- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Knokke-Heist]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Open Philanthropy]]
- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Michel Bourlet]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Industrias Cardoen]]
- 2026-10-09T2032 · [[Cecile Beernaert]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[BDM Corporation]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Rex Productions]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Sandinistas]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Michelle Martin]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[U.S. Customs]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Michel Forgeot]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[NSA]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Lothar Glandorf]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Jean-Michel Nihoul]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Director of Central Intelligence]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Jean-Louis Delamotte]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[DEA]]
- 2026-10-09T2031 · [[Claude Thirault]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Atomic Energy Commission]]
- 2026-10-09T2030 · [[Margaret Mead]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Mossad]]
- 2026-10-09T2029 · [[Charles Tart]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[KGB]]
- 2026-10-09T2029 · [[Eileen Garrett]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Sue Todd]]
- 2026-10-09T2028 · [[Andrija Puharich]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Steven Shaw]]
- 2026-10-09T2026 · [[Ford Foundation]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Ronald Reagan]]
- 2026-10-09T2026 · [[Walt Rostow]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Ron Robertson]]
- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Robert Booth Nichols]]
- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Max Millikan]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Oliver North]]
- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Manuel Noriega]]
- 2026-10-09T2025 · [[Central Intelligence Agency]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Hans Speier]]
- 2026-10-09T2024 · [[Parapsychological Association]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Harold Okimoto]]
- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Round Table Foundation]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Felix Rodriguez]]
- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Claiborne Pell]]
- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Center for International Studies]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Augusto Pinochet]]
- 2026-10-09T2023 · [[Psychological Strategy Board]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Amnon Rubinstein]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Netherlands]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Albert Stubblebine]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Zandvoort]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Robert Kennedy]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Rotterdam]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[R. S. Hawke]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Nugan Hand Bank]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Linda Moulton Howe]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[G-Force nightclub]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[John F. Kennedy]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Edwin Wilson]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Christopher Mellon]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Ted Shackley]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[C.B. Scott Jones]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Jonathan Kwitny]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Alex Klokus]]
- 2026-10-09T1949 · [[Leon Goure]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Ward Boston]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Gondola Wish]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Michael Abbell]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Jim Schnabel]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Menachem Begin]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Bernie Houghton]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Masha Drokova]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Virginia]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[James Guerin]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Middle East]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Daniel O. Graham]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Fort Meade]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Adolfo Calero]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Festival Bar]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Psychoenergetics]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Grill Flame Scientific Evaluation Committee]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Rolodex Investigation]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Yuri Kobzarev]]
- 2026-10-09T1948 · [[Boy Prostitution]] - 2026-10-09T2107 · [[Vladimir Kotelnikov]]

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Adolfo Calero.md
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@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ relations:
--- ---
Adolfo Calero Portocarrero was a [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan]] businessman who led the political side of the [[FDN]], the largest [[Contras|Contra]] organization, during the war against the [[Sandinistas]]. The congressional [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra]] Committees describe him as an accountant and businessman active in the movement against [[Anastasio Somoza]], who after the 1979 revolution became political coordinator of the Conservative Democratic Party, became an outspoken critic of the Sandinista government and joined the resistance after his office and home were attacked and he was forced into exile.[^1] He had attended the [[University of Notre Dame]] and headed the [[Coca-Cola]] bottling company in [[Managua]], and the [[Associated Press]] reported that he met Sandinista leaders in 1978 to look for common cause against Somoza.[^2] The New York Times editors' cast of characters to the Committees' report describes him as "North's chief contact with the rebels during the two-year ban on U.S. military aid" and as the Contra with "primary responsibility for distributing most private funds received by the Contras."[^3] Adolfo Calero Portocarrero was a [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan]] businessman who led the political side of the [[FDN]], the largest [[Contras|Contra]] organization, during the war against the [[Sandinistas]]. The congressional [[Iran-Contra Affair|Iran-Contra]] Committees describe him as an accountant and businessman active in the movement against [[Anastasio Somoza]], who after the 1979 revolution became political coordinator of the Conservative Democratic Party, became an outspoken critic of the Sandinista government and joined the resistance after his office and home were attacked and he was forced into exile.[^1] He had attended the [[University of Notre Dame]] and headed the [[Coca-Cola]] bottling company in [[Managua]], and the [[Associated Press]] reported that he met Sandinista leaders in 1978 to look for common cause against Somoza.[^2] The New York Times editors' cast of characters to the Committees' report describes him as "North's chief contact with the rebels during the two-year ban on U.S. military aid" and as the Contra with "primary responsibility for distributing most private funds received by the Contras."[^3]
The writer [[Gary Webb]] described Calero as a longtime [[Central Intelligence Agency]] agent selected by the CIA in 1983 to lead the political wing of the FDN, and quoted the former FDN director [[Edgar Chamorro]]: "Calero and Bermúdez were our main links with the CIA. They met constantly with the CIA station chief."[^4] Webb wrote that Calero led the political side while [[Enrique Bermudez]] commanded the military side and [[Aristides Sanchez]] managed supplies and logistics; that [[Oliver North]] called Sánchez "Calero's hatchet man"; and that [[Manuel Porro]], arrested in a [[DEA]] operation with associates of [[Norwin Meneses]] and later a commander of the [[Legion of September 15]], became a top aide to Calero and handled some of his Caribbean banking.[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. The writer [[Gary Webb]] described Calero as a longtime [[Central Intelligence Agency]] agent selected by the CIA in 1983 to lead the political wing of the FDN, and quoted the former FDN director [[Edgar Chamorro]]: "Calero and Bermúdez were our main links with the CIA. They met constantly with the CIA station chief."[^4] Webb wrote that Calero led the political side while [[Enrique Bermudez]] commanded the military side and [[Aristides Sanchez]] managed supplies and logistics; that [[Oliver North]] called Sánchez "Calero's hatchet man"; and that [[Manuel Porro]], arrested in a [[DEA]] operation with associates of [[Norwin Meneses]] and later a commander of the [[Legion of September 15]], became a top aide to Calero and handled some of his Caribbean banking.[^4]
### Saudi money, Secord and the Enterprise ### Saudi money, Secord and the Enterprise
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ North's notebook for July 12, 1985, released through a [[National Security Archi
The [[Kerry Committee]]'s report states that the FDN's chief supply officer was Adolfo Calero's brother [[Mario Calero]], and that under a commercial agreement with the pilot [[Frank Moss]], Mario Calero was to receive an ownership interest in Moss's company [[Hondu Carib]], which flew weapons purchased from R.M. Equipment (the firm controlled by Martin and McCoy); Moss, the report says, had been investigated but never indicted for narcotics offenses by ten law enforcement agencies. [[SETCO]], the Honduran company that carried at least a million rounds of ammunition and other FDN supplies from 1983 to 1985, received funds, according to the testimony of Adolfo Calero to the Iran-Contra committees, from the Contra accounts established by North; U.S. law enforcement records, the report says, state that SETCO was established by [[Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros]]. The report also states that at North's direction Calero paid $10,000 a month to the Costa Rican rancher [[John Hull]] who helped the CIA with Contra supply operations.[^15] North's notebook for August 9, 1985 summarizes a meeting with Owen about a plane used by Mario Calero to transport supplies from [[New Orleans]] to Honduras: "Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."[^13] The Kerry Committee's conclusion was that it "did not find evidence that the Contra leadership participated directly in narcotics smuggling," although the FDN "did move Contra funds through a narcotics trafficking enterprise and money laundering operation."[^15] The [[Kerry Committee]]'s report states that the FDN's chief supply officer was Adolfo Calero's brother [[Mario Calero]], and that under a commercial agreement with the pilot [[Frank Moss]], Mario Calero was to receive an ownership interest in Moss's company [[Hondu Carib]], which flew weapons purchased from R.M. Equipment (the firm controlled by Martin and McCoy); Moss, the report says, had been investigated but never indicted for narcotics offenses by ten law enforcement agencies. [[SETCO]], the Honduran company that carried at least a million rounds of ammunition and other FDN supplies from 1983 to 1985, received funds, according to the testimony of Adolfo Calero to the Iran-Contra committees, from the Contra accounts established by North; U.S. law enforcement records, the report says, state that SETCO was established by [[Juan Ramon Matta Ballesteros]]. The report also states that at North's direction Calero paid $10,000 a month to the Costa Rican rancher [[John Hull]] who helped the CIA with Contra supply operations.[^15] North's notebook for August 9, 1985 summarizes a meeting with Owen about a plane used by Mario Calero to transport supplies from [[New Orleans]] to Honduras: "Honduran DC-6 which is being used for runs out of New Orleans is probably being used for drug runs into U.S."[^13] The Kerry Committee's conclusion was that it "did not find evidence that the Contra leadership participated directly in narcotics smuggling," although the FDN "did move Contra funds through a narcotics trafficking enterprise and money laundering operation."[^15]
Webb wrote that Norwin Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet Bermúdez and brought Calero a crossbow as a gesture of esteem; that Calero confirmed the meeting but denied that Meneses or [[Danilo Blandon]] held any official FDN positions; that from 1984 Calero stayed in [[San Francisco]] with the Contra supporters [[Don Sinicco]] and [[Dennis Ainsworth]], that at his request Sinicco founded the Contra support group [[USACA]], and that on June 4, 1984 Ainsworth arranged a reception for Calero at the St. Francis Yacht Club for sixty business leaders, after which Meneses paid for a dinner at Caesar's Italian Restaurant and on June 6 was photographed in Sinicco's kitchen with Calero and FDN officials. Webb also wrote that Calero admitted meeting Meneses at least six times in San Francisco but described them as greetings at large gatherings, and that he told a Costa Rican newspaper in 1986 Meneses was "involved in some illegal things, but I don't know anything."[^4] Webb is the sole source for the passages so cited. Webb wrote that Norwin Meneses traveled to Honduras to meet Bermúdez and brought Calero a crossbow as a gesture of esteem; that Calero confirmed the meeting but denied that Meneses or [[Danilo Blandon]] held any official FDN positions; that from 1984 Calero stayed in [[San Francisco]] with the Contra supporters [[Don Sinicco]] and [[Dennis Ainsworth]], that at his request Sinicco founded the Contra support group [[USACA]], and that on June 4, 1984 Ainsworth arranged a reception for Calero at the St. Francis Yacht Club for sixty business leaders, after which Meneses paid for a dinner at Caesar's Italian Restaurant and on June 6 was photographed in Sinicco's kitchen with Calero and FDN officials. Webb also wrote that Calero admitted meeting Meneses at least six times in San Francisco but described them as greetings at large gatherings, and that he told a Costa Rican newspaper in 1986 Meneses was "involved in some illegal things, but I don't know anything."[^4]
### Swiss accounts, testimony and later life ### Swiss accounts, testimony and later life
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ In January 1985, Webb wrote, Robert McFarlane told Calero that perhaps it was ti
[^1]: Brinkley, Joel, and Stephen Engelberg, eds. *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with the Minority Views*, abridged edition (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1988), Part I, ch. 1, "Introduction: Background on U.S.-Nicaragua Relations," section "The Contras." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit [^1]: Brinkley, Joel, and Stephen Engelberg, eds. *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with the Minority Views*, abridged edition (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1988), Part I, ch. 1, "Introduction: Background on U.S.-Nicaragua Relations," section "The Contras." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit
[^2]: "Former Nicaragua Contra leader Adolfo Calero dies." Associated Press, June 3, 2012 (Deseret News). https://www.deseret.com/2012/6/3/20416430/former-nicaragua-contra-leader-adolfo-calero-dies/ [^2]: "Former Nicaragua Contra leader Adolfo Calero dies." Associated Press, June 3, 2012 (Deseret News). https://www.deseret.com/2012/6/3/20416430/former-nicaragua-contra-leader-adolfo-calero-dies/
[^3]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, "Cast of Characters." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit [^3]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, "Cast of Characters." https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 3, "The brotherhood of military minds"; ch. 9, "He would have had me by the tail"; ch. 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, Cast of Characters; ch. 3, "The brotherhood of military minds"; ch. 9, "He would have had me by the tail"; ch. 10, "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it."
[^5]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsels, August 4, 1993), ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm [^5]: Walsh, Lawrence E. *Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters*, vol. I (Washington, D.C.: Division for the Purpose of Appointing Independent Counsels, August 4, 1993), ch. 8, "The Enterprise and Its Finances." https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_08.htm
[^6]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, chapters on the private operation, the Enterprise and the NHAO. https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit [^6]: Brinkley and Engelberg, eds., *Report of the Congressional Committees*, chapters on the private operation, the Enterprise and the NHAO. https://archive.org/details/reportofcongres00unit
[^7]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane," discussion of the North memoranda of November 7 and December 4, 1984. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm [^7]: Walsh, *Final Report*, vol. I, ch. 1, "United States v. Robert C. McFarlane," discussion of the North memoranda of November 7 and December 4, 1984. https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/walsh/chap_01.htm

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Aleister Crowley.md
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@ -140,13 +140,13 @@ In *Ordo Templi Orientis v. Motta*, tried in the United States District Court fo
[^6]: Crowley, Aleister, letter to H.B.M. Consul General, Tunis, August 25, 1923, as transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1923/1923-08-25-Crowley-to-Consul-General.htm. [^6]: Crowley, Aleister, letter to H.B.M. Consul General, Tunis, August 25, 1923, as transcribed at aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1923/1923-08-25-Crowley-to-Consul-General.htm.
[^7]: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment, McMurtry et al. v. Society Ordo Templi Orientis et al., U.S. District Court, N.D. Cal. (Legge, J.), filed July 10, 1985, findings 1, 4, 8, 15, 16 and Judgment paragraph 3(d), (e), (l), textfiles.com/occult/OTO/findfact.occ and textfiles.com/occult/OTO/judgment.occ. [^7]: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment, McMurtry et al. v. Society Ordo Templi Orientis et al., U.S. District Court, N.D. Cal. (Legge, J.), filed July 10, 1985, findings 1, 4, 8, 15, 16 and Judgment paragraph 3(d), (e), (l), textfiles.com/occult/OTO/findfact.occ and textfiles.com/occult/OTO/judgment.occ.
[^8]: O'Donnell report, July 19, 1919 (Bureau of Investigation case 365985; filed July 30, 1919), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-19-Frank-O-Donnell.html. The Timeline cites Richard T. Cole, From Crowley With Love: The F.B.I. Files (2009). [^8]: O'Donnell report, July 19, 1919 (Bureau of Investigation case 365985; filed July 30, 1919), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-19-Frank-O-Donnell.html. The Timeline cites Richard T. Cole, From Crowley With Love: The F.B.I. Files (2009).
[^9]: O'Donnell, Frank X., Bureau of Investigation report, July 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^9]: O'Donnell, Frank X., Bureau of Investigation report, July 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html.
[^10]: The Fatherland (New York), January 13, 1915, pp. 11-15; June 16, 1915, p. 4; July 21, 1915, pp. 3-5; January 5, 1916, pp. 383-384; March 8, 1916, pp. 1, 67-69; March 15, 1916, pp. 85-86; January 3, 1917, p. 355, as transcribed in the Crowley Timeline, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Publications/Crowley/Periodicals/1915/Honesty-Part-I/Honesty-Part-I.html and the matching pages under /1915/, /1916/ and /1917/. [^10]: The Fatherland (New York), January 13, 1915, pp. 11-15; June 16, 1915, p. 4; July 21, 1915, pp. 3-5; January 5, 1916, pp. 383-384; March 8, 1916, pp. 1, 67-69; March 15, 1916, pp. 85-86; January 3, 1917, p. 355, as transcribed in the Crowley Timeline, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Publications/Crowley/Periodicals/1915/Honesty-Part-I/Honesty-Part-I.html and the matching pages under /1915/, /1916/ and /1917/.
[^11]: Watts, H. Christopher, extract of letter to the Foreign Office, November 3, 1917, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1917/1917-11-03-Watts-to-FO.html (citing Tobias Churton, Aleister Crowley in America, Inner Traditions, 2017). [^11]: Watts, H. Christopher, extract of letter to the Foreign Office, November 3, 1917, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1917/1917-11-03-Watts-to-FO.html (citing Tobias Churton, Aleister Crowley in America, Inner Traditions, 2017).
[^12]: O'Donnell reports of July 8 and July 19, 1919, as in notes 8 and 14; the July 8 British report places the second examination at the Murray Hill Hotel. [^12]: O'Donnell reports of July 8 and July 19, 1919, as in notes 8 and 14; the July 8 British report places the second examination at the Murray Hill Hotel.
[^13]: Ord, Major James B., Military Intelligence Division, Intelligence Report no. 16, United States Military Academy, West Point, September 23, 1918, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1918-09-23-Ord-Report.html. [^13]: Ord, Major James B., Military Intelligence Division, Intelligence Report no. 16, United States Military Academy, West Point, September 23, 1918, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1918-09-23-Ord-Report.html.
[^14]: O'Donnell report, July 19, 1919, as in note 8. [^14]: O'Donnell report, July 19, 1919, as in note 8.
[^15]: Crowley, Aleister, letter applying for employment, 57 Petersham Road, Richmond, September 6, 1939, with undated draft memorandum, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1939/1939-09-06-Crowley-to-Unknown.html. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^15]: Crowley, Aleister, letter applying for employment, 57 Petersham Road, Richmond, September 6, 1939, with undated draft memorandum, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1939/1939-09-06-Crowley-to-Unknown.html.
[^16]: O'Donnell reports of July 8, 11, 17 and 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-08-Frank-O-Donnell.html, 1919-07-11-, 1919-07-17-, 1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html. [^16]: O'Donnell reports of July 8, 11, 17 and 18, 1919 (case 365985), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1919-07-08-Frank-O-Donnell.html, 1919-07-11-, 1919-07-17-, 1919-07-18-Frank-O-Donnell.html.
[^17]: Haynes, T. E., "Memorandum for Mr. Hoover, In re Aleister St. Edward Crowley," Department of Justice, Bureau of Investigation, January 7, 1920, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1920-01-07-Hoover.html. [^17]: Haynes, T. E., "Memorandum for Mr. Hoover, In re Aleister St. Edward Crowley," Department of Justice, Bureau of Investigation, January 7, 1920, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Diaries/Law-Enforcement/1920-01-07-Hoover.html.
[^18]: Spence, Richard B., Secret Agent 666, as summarized in University of Idaho, "Historian reveals the double life of the Great Beast 666," lib.uidaho.edu/digital/uinews/item/historian-reveals-the-double-life-of-the-great-beast-666.html. [^18]: Spence, Richard B., Secret Agent 666, as summarized in University of Idaho, "Historian reveals the double life of the Great Beast 666," lib.uidaho.edu/digital/uinews/item/historian-reveals-the-double-life-of-the-great-beast-666.html.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bill Bailey.md
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@ -184,4 +184,4 @@ On December 3, 2023 [[Liberation Times]] published [[Daniel Sheehan]]'s statemen
[^24]: Business Council of Alabama, 2026 Board of Directors. https://www.bcatoday.org/bca-board-of-directors [^24]: Business Council of Alabama, 2026 Board of Directors. https://www.bcatoday.org/bca-board-of-directors
[^25]: 256 Today, "North Alabama business leaders anchor Tuberville's campaign finance committee," February 12, 2026. https://256today.com/north-alabama-business-leaders-anchor-tubervilles-campaign-finance-committee/ [^25]: 256 Today, "North Alabama business leaders anchor Tuberville's campaign finance committee," February 12, 2026. https://256today.com/north-alabama-business-leaders-anchor-tubervilles-campaign-finance-committee/
[^26]: KLAS-TV 8 News Now (George Knapp), "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" October 13, 2022. https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/ [^26]: KLAS-TV 8 News Now (George Knapp), "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" October 13, 2022. https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/
[^27]: Liberation Times, Daniel Sheehan interview, December 3, 2023. Sole source for the Sheehan passages so cited. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down [^27]: Liberation Times, Daniel Sheehan interview, December 3, 2023. https://www.liberationtimes.com/home/daniel-sheehan-exposes-five-powerful-republicans-blocking-ufo-disclosure-act-as-the-clock-ticks-down

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Bruce Eckerson.md
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@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Eckerson's disclosure statements on file at the Mariposa County Courthouse indic
--- ---
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting describes Eckerson as the county's elected district attorney who resisted for six months the CHP's pressure to prosecute Sinclair and engaged a retired CHP lieutenant, Bob Kovach, to review its evidence: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting describes Eckerson as the county's elected district attorney who resisted for six months the CHP's pressure to prosecute Sinclair and engaged a retired CHP lieutenant, Bob Kovach, to review its evidence: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/).

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carla Cremer.md
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@ -51,4 +51,4 @@ A profile on the archived CERN SPARKS site lists Cremer as a research scholar at
[^2]: Carla Zoe Cremer and Luke Kemp, "Democratising Risk: In Search of a Methodology to Study Existential Risk," arXiv:2201.11214, submitted December 27, 2021 (abstract). http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11214 The authors' SSRN version is https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3995225 [^2]: Carla Zoe Cremer and Luke Kemp, "Democratising Risk: In Search of a Methodology to Study Existential Risk," arXiv:2201.11214, submitted December 27, 2021 (abstract). http://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11214 The authors' SSRN version is https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3995225
[^3]: "Cremer, Carla Zoe," CERN SPARKS (site archived September 11, 2026). https://sparks.web.cern.ch/node/562 [^3]: "Cremer, Carla Zoe," CERN SPARKS (site archived September 11, 2026). https://sparks.web.cern.ch/node/562
[^4]: Human Information Processing Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, people page, "Alumni (PhD Students / RAs)." https://humaninformationprocessing.com/people [^4]: Human Information Processing Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, people page, "Alumni (PhD Students / RAs)." https://humaninformationprocessing.com/people
[^5]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda Sole source for the end of the appointment, the forum-activity statement and the unanswered email. [^5]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cabezas.md
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@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ Cabezas pleaded guilty in 1984 to conspiracy to import cocaine and importation,
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm
[^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^2]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom."
[^3]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm [^3]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm
[^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html [^4]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VIII (Julio Zavala), sections A-B, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch08p1.htm [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VIII (Julio Zavala), sections A-B, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch08p1.htm
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VIII, sections C-G (CIA documents, interviews, the 1986 Examiner article, the return of the money), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch08p2.htm [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VIII, sections C-G (CIA documents, interviews, the 1986 Examiner article, the return of the money), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch08p2.htm
[^7]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm [^7]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm
[^8]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^8]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 27: "A very difficult decision." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 27: "A very difficult decision."

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Carlos Cardoen.md
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@ -86,12 +86,12 @@ The United States formally requested Cardoen's extradition in March 2019. The In
[^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess. (October 24, 1991), section 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188). [^2]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Intelligence, *Nomination of Robert M. Gates to be Director of Central Intelligence*, S. Exec. Rept. 102-19, 102d Cong., 1st sess. (October 24, 1991), section 5, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-10219.pdf (PDF pages 186 to 188).
[^3]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (original order December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json. [^3]: *United States v. Cardoen*, 898 F. Supp. 1563 (S.D. Fla. 1995) (Highsmith, J.), No. 93-241-CR, reissued order on hearing under section 6 of the Classified Information Procedures Act (original order December 28, 1994), https://static.case.law/f-supp/898/cases/1563-01.json.
[^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64. [^4]: Friedman, Alan. *Spider's Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq*. Bantam, 1993, pp. 46-54, 64.
[^5]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 169. Sole source for the passage so cited. [^5]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), p. 169.
[^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html. Sole source for the wording (paragraph 17 for the 1983 arrest). [^6]: Declaration of Howard Teicher, January 31, 1995, *United States v. Cardoen*, No. 93-241-CR-HIGHSMITH, as transcribed at http://spikethenews.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-teicher-affidavit.html.
[^7]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679. [^7]: Declaration of Howard R. Teicher (corrective), *United States v. Carlos Cardoen et al.*, No. 93-241-CR-Highsmith (S.D. Fla.), dated October 3, 1996, with the United States' notice of filing served November 8, 1996, paragraphs 2 to 7, https://archive.org/details/utf-893cr-241-de-679.
[^8]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf. [^8]: Department of Commerce, Bureau of Export Administration, "Action Affecting Export Privileges; Swissco Management Group, Inc.; Order Denying Permission To Apply for or Use Export Licenses," dated September 11, 1995, 60 Federal Register 48964-48965 (September 21, 1995), FR Doc. 95-23363, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-09-21/pdf/95-23363.pdf.
[^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php. [^9]: Justin Hibbard, "The Chilean Connection," *San Francisco Chronicle Magazine*, March 2, 2003, https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/THE-CHILEAN-CONNECTION-Carlos-Cardoen-arms-2667085.php.
[^10]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/. Sole source for the CIPER passage. [^10]: CIPER Chile, Alberto Arellano and Francisca Skoknic, "Los secretos de Carlos Cardoen en Panamá y la alerta por una de sus sociedades que fue vinculada a la venta de armas," September 14, 2022, https://www.ciperchile.cl/2022/09/14/los-secretos-de-carlos-cardoen-en-panama-y-la-alerta-por-una-de-sus-sociedades-que-fue-vinculada-a-la-venta-de-armas/.
[^11]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf. [^11]: *United States v. Edward A. Johnson*, No. 95-5021 (11th Cir. Apr. 28, 1998), https://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/files/19955021.OPN.pdf.
[^12]: Department of State, Public Notice 2206, 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf. [^12]: Department of State, Public Notice 2206, 60 Fed. Reg. 30151 (June 7, 1995), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1995-06-07/pdf/95-13834.pdf.
[^13]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm. [^13]: Robert Parry, "Iraqgate: Confession and Cover-up," *Extra!* (FAIR), 1995, as reposted at https://scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0212/S00074.htm.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Daniel O. Graham.md
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@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ Graham died at his home in [[Arlington, Virginia]], on Sunday, December 31, 1995
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: "Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham" obituary, New York Times, January 3, 1996, reprinted in Congressional Record, vol. 142, Extensions of Remarks, pp. E143-E144 (February 1, 1996), "Tribute to General D.O. Graham," remarks of Rep. Dana Rohrabacher. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1996_cr/h960201a.htm [^1]: "Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham" obituary, New York Times, January 3, 1996, reprinted in Congressional Record, vol. 142, Extensions of Remarks, pp. E143-E144 (February 1, 1996), "Tribute to General D.O. Graham," remarks of Rep. Dana Rohrabacher. https://irp.fas.org/congress/1996_cr/h960201a.htm
[^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition, in Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Depositions), pp. 972-1040, Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234. The career chronology is at pp. 974-979. The Studley, Glatt, Dellamico and Casey meeting passages rest on this deposition. Sole source for the witness's own account of those passages. [^2]: Deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition, in Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Depositions), pp. 972-1040, Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234. The career chronology is at pp. 974-979. The Studley, Glatt, Dellamico and Casey meeting passages rest on this deposition.
[^3]: University of Miami Special Collections, "Daniel O. Graham papers," ASM0492, finding aid, biographical sketch and series list. https://atom.library.miami.edu/index.php/asm0492 and https://atom.library.miami.edu/downloads/asm0492.pdf [^3]: University of Miami Special Collections, "Daniel O. Graham papers," ASM0492, finding aid, biographical sketch and series list. https://atom.library.miami.edu/index.php/asm0492 and https://atom.library.miami.edu/downloads/asm0492.pdf
[^4]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to James R. Schlesinger, January 21, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80M01082A000800060030-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80m01082a000800060030-9 [^4]: Letter, Daniel O. Graham to James R. Schlesinger, January 21, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80M01082A000800060030-9. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80m01082a000800060030-9
[^5]: "Honor and Merit Awards Ceremony [Distinguished Intelligence Medal to Daniel O. Graham]," August 29, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R002000060020-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80r01731r002000060020-6 [^5]: "Honor and Merit Awards Ceremony [Distinguished Intelligence Medal to Daniel O. Graham]," August 29, 1974, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP80R01731R002000060020-6. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp80r01731r002000060020-6
@ -178,9 +178,9 @@ Graham died at his home in [[Arlington, Virginia]], on Sunday, December 31, 1995
[^9]: Memorandum, "Status Report on the Experiment in Competitive Analysis and Request for Your Assistance," August 18, 1976, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP91M00696R000600180054-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91m00696r000600180054-3 [^9]: Memorandum, "Status Report on the Experiment in Competitive Analysis and Request for Your Assistance," August 18, 1976, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP91M00696R000600180054-3. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91m00696r000600180054-3
[^10]: Team B report, published December 1, 1976, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8 (56 pages, released November 7, 2006), team and advisory panel roster (p. iv) and introduction. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/node/975749 [^10]: Team B report, published December 1, 1976, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP91M00696R001000110006-8 (56 pages, released November 7, 2006), team and advisory panel roster (p. iv) and introduction. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/node/975749
[^11]: Louis F. Maire III and J. D. LaMothe, "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research," Defense Intelligence Agency, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, DIA task PT-1810-12-75, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3, cover and table of contents. [^11]: Louis F. Maire III and J. D. LaMothe, "Soviet and Czechoslovakian Parapsychology Research," Defense Intelligence Agency, DST-1810S-387-75, September 1975, DIA task PT-1810-12-75, CIA-RDP96-00792R000600350001-3, cover and table of contents.
[^12]: "An E.S.P. Gap: Exploring psychic weapons," Time, January 23, 1984, p. 17, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230025-5. Quotations are as reported by Time from Graham's interview with the New York Times. Sole source for the quotations. [^12]: "An E.S.P. Gap: Exploring psychic weapons," Time, January 23, 1984, p. 17, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP96-00791R000200230025-5. Quotations are as reported by Time from Graham's interview with the New York Times.
[^13]: George Lardner Jr., "GEN. GRAHAM'S STAR WARS: The one-man lobby to fill space with weaponry," Washington Post, November 17, 1985, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000403710030-7. Statements attributed to Graham are his own, as reported by the Post. [^13]: George Lardner Jr., "GEN. GRAHAM'S STAR WARS: The one-man lobby to fill space with weaponry," Washington Post, November 17, 1985, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00965R000403710030-7. Statements attributed to Graham are his own, as reported by the Post.
[^14]: Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI] Program, hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st session, H.A.S.C. No. 99-30, June 6, 1985, pp. 21 and 41 (exchange of Rep. Dickinson and John Gardner). Internet Archive item micro_IA41152646_0474. Gardner's statement is his description of Graham's earlier DIA exposure; sole source for it. [^14]: Strategic Defense Initiative [SDI] Program, hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 99th Congress, 1st session, H.A.S.C. No. 99-30, June 6, 1985, pp. 21 and 41 (exchange of Rep. Dickinson and John Gardner). Internet Archive item micro_IA41152646_0474. Gardner's statement is his description of Graham's earlier DIA exposure.
[^15]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, January 8, 1982, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP83M00914R001900220074-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r001900220074-1 [^15]: Letter, William J. Casey to Lt. Gen. Daniel O. Graham, January 8, 1982, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP83M00914R001900220074-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp83m00914r001900220074-1
[^16]: CIA reading room record CIA-RDP83M00914R002400010001-8, catalogued as a letter from Daniel O. Graham to William J. Casey regarding High Frontier, December 9, 1982 (the released pages show Casey's December 20, 1982 reply and one denied page); reply, William J. Casey to Graham, December 20, 1982, CIA-RDP88B00443R001203980021-9. [^16]: CIA reading room record CIA-RDP83M00914R002400010001-8, catalogued as a letter from Daniel O. Graham to William J. Casey regarding High Frontier, December 9, 1982 (the released pages show Casey's December 20, 1982 reply and one denied page); reply, William J. Casey to Graham, December 20, 1982, CIA-RDP88B00443R001203980021-9.
[^17]: Hedrick Smith, "Reagan Advisers Hold Somber View of Soviet Intentions," New York Times, May 25, 1980, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000505080020-3. [^17]: Hedrick Smith, "Reagan Advisers Hold Somber View of Soviet Intentions," New York Times, May 25, 1980, CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00552R000505080020-3.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danilo Blandon.md
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@ -160,30 +160,30 @@ Webb wrote that Blandón's electronics, procured by Lister, included walkie-talk
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm
[^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html [^3]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
[^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first."
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section A (sources of the allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p1.htm
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 26: "That matter, if true, would be classified." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 26: "That matter, if true, would be classified."
[^8]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section E (Los Angeles Sheriff's Department investigation of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p2.htm [^8]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section E (Los Angeles Sheriff's Department investigation of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p2.htm
[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 10: "Teach a man a craft and he's liable to practice it."
[^10]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm [^10]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm
[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm [^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm
[^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 8: "A million hits is not enough." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^12]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 8: "A million hits is not enough."
[^13]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VI, section C (the roles of Ross and Blandon in the spread of crack), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch06p2.htm [^13]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VI, section C (the roles of Ross and Blandon in the spread of crack), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch06p2.htm
[^14]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14: "It's bigger than I can handle." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^14]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 14: "It's bigger than I can handle."
[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 18: "We bust our ass and the government's involved." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 18: "We bust our ass and the government's involved."
[^16]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section F (initiation of the federal OCDETF case), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p3.htm [^16]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section F (initiation of the federal OCDETF case), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p3.htm
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm [^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm
[^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^18]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter."
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, sections H-J (closure, transfer and assessment of the OCDETF case), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p5.htm [^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, sections H-J (closure, transfer and assessment of the OCDETF case), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p5.htm
[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 21: "I could go anywhere in the world and sell dope." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 21: "I could go anywhere in the world and sell dope."
[^21]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, sections L-N (Blandon's green card, the green cards of his wife and daughter, DEA payments), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p7.htm [^21]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, sections L-N (Blandon's green card, the green cards of his wife and daughter, DEA payments), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p7.htm
[^22]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm [^22]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm
[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm [^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm
[^24]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^24]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower."
[^25]: *United States v. Ross*, 372 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. June 21, 2004), No. 02-50226, https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2004/06/21/0250226.pdf [^25]: *United States v. Ross*, 372 F.3d 1097 (9th Cir. June 21, 2004), No. 02-50226, https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2004/06/21/0250226.pdf
[^26]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^26]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 12: "This guy talks to God."
[^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 24: "They're gonna forget I was a drug dealer." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^27]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 24: "They're gonna forget I was a drug dealer."
[^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 25: "Things are moving all around us." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^28]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 25: "Things are moving all around us."
[^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^29]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters.
[^30]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm [^30]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Danny Casolaro.md
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@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ The INSLAW folder of the research files includes a *St. Louis Post-Dispatch* rep
[^1]: Ridgeway, James, and Doug Vaughan. "The Last Days of Danny Casolaro." *Village Voice*, October 15, 1991; West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Second Autopsy Report, Dr. Frost, January 1992; Martinsburg Police Department records released under FOIA to Zachary Treitz and Christian Hansen, 2024; "FBI Cites Mystery FOIA Exemption to Withhold Danny Casolaro Death Video," *MuckRock*, February 2018. [^1]: Ridgeway, James, and Doug Vaughan. "The Last Days of Danny Casolaro." *Village Voice*, October 15, 1991; West Virginia Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Second Autopsy Report, Dr. Frost, January 1992; Martinsburg Police Department records released under FOIA to Zachary Treitz and Christian Hansen, 2024; "FBI Cites Mystery FOIA Exemption to Withhold Danny Casolaro Death Video," *MuckRock*, February 2018.
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992. [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." [^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
[^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting; "part-time author"), 148 to 149 (December 1990 New York meetings) and 154 (his account of Casolaro's state of mind). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (U.S. Department of Justice, March 1993), pp. 137 (August 7, 1991 call, August 17, 1991 letter, later interview), 146 (September 1990 agent meeting; "part-time author"), 148 to 149 (December 1990 New York meetings) and 154 (his account of Casolaro's state of mind). https://archive.org/details/InslawPROMISBuaReport.
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993. [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
[^6]: Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," Internet Archive items casolaro-notebooks (PromotionalMaterial.pdf) and PromotionalMaterial, https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^6]: Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," Internet Archive items casolaro-notebooks (PromotionalMaterial.pdf) and PromotionalMaterial, https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
[^7]: Danny Casolaro papers, folders "CIA Frank Terpil Renegades," "Wackenhut - Newsletters" and "DOD PUBLICATIONS," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files (the Corn item is headed "SPECIAL EDITION - TERRORISM / Did It Blow Up Flight 103?"). [^7]: Danny Casolaro papers, folders "CIA Frank Terpil Renegades," "Wackenhut - Newsletters" and "DOD PUBLICATIONS," https://archive.org/details/ddosecrets_casolaro_files (the Corn item is headed "SPECIAL EDITION - TERRORISM / Did It Blow Up Flight 103?").
[^8]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the affidavit's contents as reported there. [^8]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt.
[^9]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74. [^9]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dick Cheney.md
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@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ Cheney was chief executive of [[Halliburton]] in the late 1990s. [[Ray Hunt]] of
[^3]: *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair,* H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216, November 1987, minority report. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/18221 [^3]: *Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair,* H. Rept. 100-433, S. Rept. 100-216, November 1987, minority report. https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/18221
[^4]: Halliburton Company, Schedule 14A proxy statement, 2004, Securities and Exchange Commission. [^4]: Halliburton Company, Schedule 14A proxy statement, 2004, Securities and Exchange Commission.
[^5]: Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003, quoting the UNSCOM and IAEA note of the meeting of August 22, 1995; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003. [^5]: Rangwala, Glen. "The interview with Hussein Kamel," February 2003, quoting the UNSCOM and IAEA note of the meeting of August 22, 1995; Barry, John. *Newsweek,* March 3, 2003.
[^6]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^6]: O'Brien, Cathy, and Mark Phillips. *Trance Formation of America.* 1995.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Berlage.md
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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ Don Berlage prosecuted the case against [[Robert Lang]], one of the leaders of [
Don Berlage connected to the [[Troop 137]] case through the prosecution of [[Robert Lang]]. Lang's activities included boy prostitution and ties to [[Richard Halvorsen]] and [[Raymond Woodall]]. The prosecutions revealed connections to [[John David Norman]]'s network and [[Father Bud's Boys Farm]].[^1] Don Berlage connected to the [[Troop 137]] case through the prosecution of [[Robert Lang]]. Lang's activities included boy prostitution and ties to [[Richard Halvorsen]] and [[Raymond Woodall]]. The prosecutions revealed connections to [[John David Norman]]'s network and [[Father Bud's Boys Farm]].[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Berlage is not named in the 1977 House and Senate hearing records on child sexual exploitation, and no archive.org full-text match was found for him; Charlevoix County lies in Michigan, while the Troop 137 defendants were prosecuted in Orleans Parish, Louisiana. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Charlevoix County lies in Michigan, while the Troop 137 defendants were prosecuted in Orleans Parish, Louisiana.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Curtis.md
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@ -39,5 +39,5 @@ The review of Jonathan Margolis's *The Secret Life of Uri Geller* in *Lobster* s
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. [^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2.
[^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^2]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (Dell, 1997), as excerpted at the Havenstein URL above.
[^3]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf. Sole source for the "Don Gregory" rendering. [^3]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Don Eyles.md
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@ -58,6 +58,6 @@ Mitchell, who after the mission founded the [[Institute of Noetic Sciences]], co
[^1]: Eyles, Don. "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer." AAS 04-064, American Astronautical Society, 2004. https://www.doneyles.com/LM/Tales.html. His memoir is *Sunburst and Luminary: An Apollo Memoir* (Fort Point Press, 2018). [^1]: Eyles, Don. "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer." AAS 04-064, American Astronautical Society, 2004. https://www.doneyles.com/LM/Tales.html. His memoir is *Sunburst and Luminary: An Apollo Memoir* (Fort Point Press, 2018).
[^2]: Jones, Eric M., ed. "Landing at Fra Mauro," Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal, NASA, transcript at 104:30 to 106:33 GET. https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.landing.html [^2]: Jones, Eric M., ed. "Landing at Fra Mauro," Apollo 14 Lunar Surface Journal, NASA, transcript at 104:30 to 106:33 GET. https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14.landing.html
[^3]: Fjeld, Paul. "Masking the Abort Discrete," Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, NASA, 2009, and the transcript at 108:02 to 108:03 GET. https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14AbortDiscrete.html [^3]: Fjeld, Paul. "Masking the Abort Discrete," Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, NASA, 2009, and the transcript at 108:02 to 108:03 GET. https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a14/a14AbortDiscrete.html
[^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^5]: "Private Lunar ESP: An Interview with Edgar Mitchell." Cabinet, issue 5. https://cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/backstrom_mitchell.php [^5]: "Private Lunar ESP: An Interview with Edgar Mitchell." Cabinet, issue 5. https://cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/backstrom_mitchell.php
[^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D. "An ESP Test from Apollo 14." *Journal of Parapsychology*, 1971. [^6]: Mitchell, Edgar D. "An ESP Test from Apollo 14." *Journal of Parapsychology*, 1971.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dwight D. Eisenhower.md
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@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ In his farewell radio and television address on January 17, 1961, Eisenhower sai
[^2]: Doyle, Kate, and Peter Kornbluh, eds. "CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents." National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 4, documents released by the CIA on May 23, 1997. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/ ; "The Secret CIA History of the Iran Coup, 1953," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/index.html [^2]: Doyle, Kate, and Peter Kornbluh, eds. "CIA and Assassinations: The Guatemala 1954 Documents." National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 4, documents released by the CIA on May 23, 1997. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/ ; "The Secret CIA History of the Iran Coup, 1953," National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 28. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB28/index.html
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, 94th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Reports vol. 3-8, 1975, summary of findings on Lumumba; section on the Congo; testimony of Robert H. Johnson (June 18, 1975), C. Douglas Dillon (September 2, 1975) and Gordon Gray (July 9, 1975); findings on authorization. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^3]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report*, 94th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Reports vol. 3-8, 1975, summary of findings on Lumumba; section on the Congo; testimony of Robert H. Johnson (June 18, 1975), C. Douglas Dillon (September 2, 1975) and Gordon Gray (July 9, 1975); findings on authorization. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^4]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, with the National Security Archive, document headnote on American Machine and Foundry Atomics. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project [^4]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center, Nuclear Proliferation International History Project, with the National Security Archive, document headnote on American Machine and Foundry Atomics. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project
[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, ch. 4. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, ch. 4.
[^6]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," sections "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona," Documents 1 to 14, including the post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, the National Security Council meeting of December 8, 1960 and the meeting of December 19, 1960 (Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Christian Herter Papers; White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, International Series, box 8, Israel (3)); also National Security Archive, "Israel and the Bomb: Dimona Revealed." https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/reveal/ [^6]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," sections "The Eisenhower Administration and the Discovery of Dimona," Documents 1 to 14, including the post-mortem on SNIE 100-8-60, the National Security Council meeting of December 8, 1960 and the meeting of December 19, 1960 (Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Christian Herter Papers; White House Office, Office of the Staff Secretary, International Series, box 8, Israel (3)); also National Security Archive, "Israel and the Bomb: Dimona Revealed." https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/reveal/
[^7]: Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations William B. Macomber, Jr., to Executive Director of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, January 19, 1961, with enclosed summary of January 17, 1961, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, Volume XVII, Near East 1961-1962, Document 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v17/d3 [^7]: Assistant Secretary of State for Congressional Relations William B. Macomber, Jr., to Executive Director of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, January 19, 1961, with enclosed summary of January 17, 1961, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, Volume XVII, Near East 1961-1962, Document 3. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v17/d3
[^8]: National Archives and Records Administration, Military Reference Branch, "Reference Report on MJ-12," July 22, 1987 (Jo Anne Williamson, Chief), quoting the Eisenhower Library letter of July 16, 1987 to NNMR; text as transcribed at https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2437.ufo [^8]: National Archives and Records Administration, Military Reference Branch, "Reference Report on MJ-12," July 22, 1987 (Jo Anne Williamson, Chief), quoting the Eisenhower Library letter of July 16, 1987 to NNMR; text as transcribed at https://mirror.cyberbits.eu/textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/2000/2437.ufo
[^9]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE vol. 6 nos. 1 to 4 (July 1954), https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich. [^9]: Wilhelm Reich, CORE vol. 6 nos. 1 to 4 (July 1954), https://archive.org/details/contact-from-space-by-wilhelm-reich.
[^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), p. 132, https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space. Sole source. [^10]: Wilhelm Reich, Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951-1956 (Core Pilot Press, 1957), p. 132, https://archive.org/details/wilhelm-reich-contact-with-space.
[^11]: Moise to Smith, March 21, 1957, and Nease to Tolson, March 25, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI. [^11]: Moise to Smith, March 21, 1957, and Nease to Tolson, March 25, 1957, Wilhelm Reich FBI file, Part 6, https://archive.org/details/WilhelmReichFBI.
[^12]: Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Farewell Radio and Television Address to the American People," January 17, 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/farewell-radio-and-television-address-the-american-people [^12]: Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Farewell Radio and Television Address to the American People," January 17, 1961, Public Papers of the Presidents. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/farewell-radio-and-television-address-the-american-people

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Dzhuna Davitashvili.md
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@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Kolodny wrote that his first article on her, in [[Komsomolskaya Pravda]], drew a
[^3]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ Kolodny was a journalist who campaigned for Dzhuna and for the laboratory. [^3]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ Kolodny was a journalist who campaigned for Dzhuna and for the laboratory.
[^4]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9 [^4]: Lev Kolodny, "Biofield Researchers' Equipment, Support from Country's Leaders Noted," *Moskovskaya Pravda*, October 10, 1990, no. 232, p. 3, as abstracted in the Daily SNAP (item SNAP 901023), CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000500470003-9
[^5]: Kolodny (note 3). [^5]: Kolodny (note 3).
[^6]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. [^6]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory.
[^7]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov [^7]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov
[^8]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022 [^8]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022
[^9]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html [^9]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html

22
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/E. Lawrence Barcella, Jr..md
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@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ Barcella died of bladder cancer on November 4, 2010, at a hospital near his home
[^7]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/ [^7]: Sharon Walsh and Saundra Torry, "Washington, Perito Law Firm Losing Additional Attorneys; Name Partner Among Those Leaving," *The Washington Post*, July 20, 1991. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1991/07/20/washington-perito-law-firm-losing-additional-attorneys/0a7d8d2e-2958-4283-9860-874855bd0ca6/
[^8]: "Frank Koszorús, Jr. Selected as U.S. Public Delegate to Paris Human Rights Conference," *Fraternity-Testvériség*, 1989 (67. évfolyam), issue of April 1, 1989, no. 2. https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/TestverisegFraternity_USAHUN_1989/?pg=45 [^8]: "Frank Koszorús, Jr. Selected as U.S. Public Delegate to Paris Human Rights Conference," *Fraternity-Testvériség*, 1989 (67. évfolyam), issue of April 1, 1989, no. 2. https://library.hungaricana.hu/en/view/TestverisegFraternity_USAHUN_1989/?pg=45
[^9]: "A group of top former FBI agents and federal prosecutors," *United Press International*, August 2, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/02/A-group-of-top-former-FBI-agents-and-federal/9684730900658/ [^9]: "A group of top former FBI agents and federal prosecutors," *United Press International*, August 2, 1988. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/08/02/A-group-of-top-former-FBI-agents-and-federal/9684730900658/
[^10]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents the Resumes of its Associates," fax copy (header 1990), pp. 141 P01 to P12, in the Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^10]: CounterTerrorism Consultants, L.P., "Proudly Presents the Resumes of its Associates," fax copy (header 1990), pp. 141 P01 to P12, in the Casolaro papers, folder "Promotional Material," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
[^11]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm [^11]: Kerry, Senator John, and Senator Hank Brown. *The BCCI Affair: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate.* December 1992, ch. 17, "BCCI's Lawyers and Lobbyists." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/17law.htm
[^12]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 8, "BCCI and Law Enforcement: The Justice Department and the U.S. Customs Service." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/08just.htm [^12]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 8, "BCCI and Law Enforcement: The Justice Department and the U.S. Customs Service." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/08just.htm
[^13]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm [^13]: Kerry and Brown, *The BCCI Affair,* ch. 4, "BCCI's Criminality." https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_rpt/bcci/04crime.htm
@ -198,15 +198,15 @@ Barcella died of bladder cancer on November 4, 2010, at a hospital near his home
[^17]: Graham Exhibit 1 and deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234). [^17]: Graham Exhibit 1 and deposition of Daniel O. Graham, May 26, 1987, Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, Appendix B, vol. 12 (Internet Archive item micro_IA41152840_0234).
[^18]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, p. 51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=75). [^18]: Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, ch. 2, p. 51 (HathiTrust full view, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=txu.059173017837367&seq=75).
[^19]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585, "Providing for completion of activities of Task Force to investigate certain allegations concerning holding of Americans as hostages in Iran in 1980"; text of the resolution and floor statements of Representative Beilenson and another member speaking for it). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm [^19]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (H. Res. 585, "Providing for completion of activities of Task Force to investigate certain allegations concerning holding of Americans as hostages in Iran in 1980"; text of the resolution and floor statements of Representative Beilenson and another member speaking for it). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
[^20]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010 (article on the task force report's cover letter). https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html Sole source for the Dymally, Barnes and Hamilton statements as reported by Parry. [^20]: Parry, Robert. "Dymally and the Unanimous Vote," *Consortium News*, June 17, 2010 (article on the task force report's cover letter). https://consortiumnews.com/2010/061710.html
[^21]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html Sole source for the trap door memo, the Ledeen and October Surprise Group claims, and the Laxalt account, as reported by Parry. [^21]: Parry, Robert. "A Lawyer & National Security Cover-ups," *Consortium News*, May 4, 2005. https://consortiumnews.com/2005/050405.html
[^22]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the extension request and the Hamilton response as reported by Parry. [^22]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up," *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/
[^23]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Barcella and Hamilton statements, the Stepashin identification and the January 11, 1993 transmittal as reported by Parry. [^23]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries," *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/
[^24]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde," *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the quoted phrase "should put the controversy to rest once and for all" attributed to the op-ed and for the addendum account of the extension and the declassification remark. Hamilton, Lee H., "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, Section 4, p. 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html [^24]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde," *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Hamilton, Lee H., "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed," *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993, Section 4, p. 17. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html
[^25]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. [^25]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/
[^26]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton and Barcella statements about the Russian report and the e-mail quoted. Request date and transmittal per the Parry translation page, https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html [^26]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Request date and transmittal per the Parry translation page, https://www.consortiumnews.com/2005/russianreport1980.html
[^27]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html Sole source for the memo quotation as reported by Parry. [^27]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files: The Ladies' Room Secrets," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile2.html
[^28]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html Sole source for the Dymally dissent, the BCCI and Laxalt omissions, and the Hyde special order as reported by Parry. [^28]: Parry, Robert. "October Surprise X-Files (Part 8): Lies Spun into History," *Consortium News*, 1996. https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/xfile8.html
[^29]: "Lawrence Barcella '67," cover story, *Dartmouth Alumni Magazine*, March 1993. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1993/3/1/lawrence-barcella-67 [^29]: "Lawrence Barcella '67," cover story, *Dartmouth Alumni Magazine*, March 1993. https://archive.dartmouthalumnimagazine.com/article/1993/3/1/lawrence-barcella-67
[^30]: Parry, Robert. "Clinton & a BCCI Lawyer," *Consortium News* (undated archive article, 1993). https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story3.html Sole source for the Treasury consideration as reported by Parry. [^30]: Parry, Robert. "Clinton & a BCCI Lawyer," *Consortium News* (undated archive article, 1993). https://www.consortiumnews.com/archive/story3.html
[^31]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Supplemental Statement for the six months ending September 30, 1994, Attachment 1 and signature page. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Supplemental-Statement-19940930-DHFIFJ02.pdf Exhibit B signed by Koszorus as "Attorney," March 1, 1993: https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf [^31]: U.S. Department of Justice, Foreign Agents Registration Act, registration 4772, Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Supplemental Statement for the six months ending September 30, 1994, Attachment 1 and signature page. https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Supplemental-Statement-19940930-DHFIFJ02.pdf Exhibit B signed by Koszorus as "Attorney," March 1, 1993: https://efile.fara.gov/docs/4772-Exhibit-AB-19930301-D1Y3N102.pdf

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Earl Brian.md
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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ In July 1993 the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] charged Brian and three
[^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992. [^1]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary. *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report.* House Report 102-857, 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, September 10, 1992.
[^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. [^2]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
[^3]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74. [^3]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General regarding the allegations of INSLAW, Inc. (March 1993), pp. 73-74.
[^4]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt. Sole source for the contents as reported there. [^4]: *St. Louis Post-Dispatch*, February 19, 1991, "Stolen Software Scattered: Affidavits Allege Sales To Iraqis And Israelis," clipping in the INSLAW folder of the Casolaro papers, https://archive.org/download/casolaro-notebooks/InslawIi_djvu.txt.
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993. [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice. *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of Inslaw, Inc.* March 1993.
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. *The Inslaw Affair.* September 1989. [^6]: U.S. Senate, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. *The Inslaw Affair.* September 1989.
[^7]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, pp. v, 17 and appendix 22, "Earl Brian Passports," p. 287. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829 [^7]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations. *The "October Surprise" Allegations and the Circumstances Surrounding the Release of the American Hostages Held in Iran: Report of the Special Counsel to Senator Terry Sanford and Senator James M. Jeffords,* S. Prt. 102-125, November 19, 1992, pp. v, 17 and appendix 22, "Earl Brian Passports," p. 287. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000021071829

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Edward Brongersma.md
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@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ Brongersma's role as trustee of Shelden's estate provided the American fugitive
Brongersma's connections extended to other figures in the European pedophile network. He was associated with [[Fritz Bernard]], a psychologist and contributor to Shelden's PAN magazine, and with [[Joseph Douce]], a pastor who maintained contact with Dutch specialists in pedophilia issues. Douce had sent contact details of Brongersma and Bernard to representatives of Protestant Churches in Belgium who were concerned about Douce's activities. These connections placed Brongersma at the center of a network that linked political figures, academics, and religious leaders to organized child exploitation.[^1] Brongersma's connections extended to other figures in the European pedophile network. He was associated with [[Fritz Bernard]], a psychologist and contributor to Shelden's PAN magazine, and with [[Joseph Douce]], a pastor who maintained contact with Dutch specialists in pedophilia issues. Douce had sent contact details of Brongersma and Bernard to representatives of Protestant Churches in Belgium who were concerned about Douce's activities. These connections placed Brongersma at the center of a network that linked political figures, academics, and religious leaders to organized child exploitation.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^2]: *National Bank of Detroit v. Shelden,* 730 F.2d 421 (6th Cir. 1984). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/433085/national-bank-of-detroit-v-francis-d-shelden-the-trust-company-of-the/ [^2]: *National Bank of Detroit v. Shelden,* 730 F.2d 421 (6th Cir. 1984). https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/433085/national-bank-of-detroit-v-francis-d-shelden-the-trust-company-of-the/

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Enrique Bermudez.md
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@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ On February 16, 1991, the CIA's Inspector General recorded, Bermúdez was assass
[^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html [^1]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Northern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/north.html
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters.
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 2: "We were the first."
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy: A Review of the Justice Department's Investigations and Prosecutions* (December 1997, released July 1998), Chapter II (Oscar Danilo Blandon), sections A-D, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p1.htm
[^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html [^6]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds."
[^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^8]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know."
[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm
[^10]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (the Kerry report), December 1988, p. 38, quoting the August 5, 1987 testimony of the CIA Central American Task Force chief before the Iran-Contra Committees, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^10]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (the Kerry report), December 1988, p. 38, quoting the August 5, 1987 testimony of the CIA Central American Task Force chief before the Iran-Contra Committees, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Eugene Giaquinto.md
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@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The affidavit records a July 20, 1987 call in which Giaquinto told Nichols that
[^1]: Knoedelseder, William. *Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia.* HarperCollins, 1993, pp. xvii, 434-448, 464. Read through the archive.org BookReader search, item stiffedtruestory00knoe. [^1]: Knoedelseder, William. *Stiffed: A True Story of MCA, the Music Business, and the Mafia.* HarperCollins, 1993, pp. xvii, 434-448, 464. Read through the archive.org BookReader search, item stiffedtruestory00knoe.
[^2]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 5, 69 and 79. [^2]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 5, 69 and 79.
[^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356; Seymour, "VORTEX," February 24, 1992. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument . Sole source for the board seat and resignation. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. [^3]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 351 and 356; Seymour, "VORTEX," February 24, 1992. https://archive.org/details/VORTEXDocument . Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo.
[^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine [^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine
[^5]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6"). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6").
[^6]: Appellant's Opening Brief, *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. Gates,* No. 90-55281 (9th Cir.), certificate dated June 27, 1990 (case removed as CV 89-4383 RG (Kx), C.D. Cal.). https://archive.org/details/MeridianV.Gates [^6]: Appellant's Opening Brief, *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. Gates,* No. 90-55281 (9th Cir.), certificate dated June 27, 1990 (case removed as CV 89-4383 RG (Kx), C.D. Cal.). https://archive.org/details/MeridianV.Gates

12
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Fidel Castro.md
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@ -123,15 +123,15 @@ Preston also described a separate federal case: [[Reinaldo Ruiz]] and his son Ru
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book V: The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, S. Rept. 94-755 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976), Appendix C, Chronology, entry for 1959 (January 1, 1959). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf [^1]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Book V: The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies, S. Rept. 94-755 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1976), Appendix C, Chronology, entry for 1959 (January 1, 1959). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^2]: María Idalia Gómez, "Fidel Castro: tres días con la DFS," EjeCentral (undated article quoting the DFS report). https://www.ejecentral.com.mx/fidel-castro-tres-dias-con-la-dfs. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^2]: María Idalia Gómez, "Fidel Castro: tres días con la DFS," EjeCentral (undated article quoting the DFS report). https://www.ejecentral.com.mx/fidel-castro-tres-dias-con-la-dfs.
[^3]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, editorial note preceding Document 288, quoting Nixon's draft summary (Department of State, Central Files, 711.12/4-2459). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d287 [^3]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, editorial note preceding Document 288, quoting Nixon's draft summary (Department of State, Central Files, 711.12/4-2459). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d287
[^4]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, Document 288, memorandum by the Director of the Office of Mexican and Caribbean Affairs (Department of State, Central Files, 033.3711/4-2159), April 1959. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d288. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, vol. VI, Cuba, Document 288, memorandum by the Director of the Office of Mexican and Caribbean Affairs (Department of State, Central Files, 033.3711/4-2159), April 1959. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1958-60v06/d288.
[^5]: Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, Appendix C, Chronology, entry for December 11, 1959, PDF p. 98. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf [^5]: Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, Appendix C, Chronology, entry for December 11, 1959, PDF p. 98. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^6]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 6. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^6]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 6. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^7]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 72. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^7]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 72. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^8]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, pp. 75-76 (testimony of Bissell, June 9, 1975; Edwards, May 30, 1975; the operational support chief, May 30, 1975, pp. 8 and 158; Maheu, July 29 and 30, 1975). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^8]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, pp. 75-76 (testimony of Bissell, June 9, 1975; Edwards, May 30, 1975; the operational support chief, May 30, 1975, pp. 8 and 158; Maheu, July 29 and 30, 1975). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^9]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 128, reproducing the summary of Edwards's statements to the FBI sent by Hoover to the Attorney General on May 22, 1961. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^9]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 128, reproducing the summary of Edwards's statements to the FBI sent by Hoover to the Attorney General on May 22, 1961. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^10]: Cheri Seymour, The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal (TrineDay, 2010). Sole source for the passages so cited; the book's text was not available for page citation. [^10]: Cheri Seymour, The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal (TrineDay, 2010). The book's text was not available for page citation.
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General John S. Earman, "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, pp. 16-17 (National Archives, JFK Assassination Records, Record Number 104-10213-10101). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf [^11]: Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General John S. Earman, "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, pp. 16-17 (National Archives, JFK Assassination Records, Record Number 104-10213-10101). https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf
[^12]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 76, citing the Inspector General's report pp. 16 and 17 and testimony of Johnny Rosselli, June 24, 1975. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^12]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 76, citing the Inspector General's report pp. 16 and 17 and testimony of Johnny Rosselli, June 24, 1975. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^13]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 78, citing the Inspector General's report p. 19. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^13]: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, p. 78, citing the Inspector General's report p. 19. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
@ -148,8 +148,8 @@ Preston also described a separate federal case: [[Reinaldo Ruiz]] and his son Ru
[^24]: Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General John S. Earman, "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, Secret/Eyes Only, 143 pp. including cover memorandum. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf ; also National Security Archive document 33578, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/33578-document-19-cia-inspector-general-john-s-earman-report-plots-assassinate-fidel [^24]: Central Intelligence Agency Inspector General John S. Earman, "Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro," May 23, 1967, Secret/Eyes Only, 143 pp. including cover memorandum. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10213-10101.pdf ; also National Security Archive document 33578, https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/33578-document-19-cia-inspector-general-john-s-earman-report-plots-assassinate-fidel
[^25]: [[Lopez Report]] (2003), appendices, House Select Committee on Assassinations staff record of the April 3, 1978 Havana session, appendix page marked 264 in the scan. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/lopezrpt_2003/pdf/LopezRpt_2003_8_Appendices.pdf [^25]: [[Lopez Report]] (2003), appendices, House Select Committee on Assassinations staff record of the April 3, 1978 Havana session, appendix page marked 264 in the scan. https://aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/hsca/lopezrpt_2003/pdf/LopezRpt_2003_8_Appendices.pdf
[^26]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, "The Evolution and Implications of the CIA-Sponsored Assassination Conspiracies Against Fidel Castro," staff report, March 1979, in Appendix to Hearings, vol. X, paras. 69-71 (quoting Interview of Fidel Castro Ruz, April 3, 1978, pp. 38-39, J.F.K. document no. 011776). https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/pdf/HSCA_Vol10_CastroPlots.pdf [^26]: U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Assassinations, "The Evolution and Implications of the CIA-Sponsored Assassination Conspiracies Against Fidel Castro," staff report, March 1979, in Appendix to Hearings, vol. X, paras. 69-71 (quoting Interview of Fidel Castro Ruz, April 3, 1978, pp. 38-39, J.F.K. document no. 011776). https://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol10/pdf/HSCA_Vol10_CastroPlots.pdf
[^27]: Marita Lorenz wrap-up memo, JFK Assassination Records Review Board research file (NARA, JFK Assassination Records, ARRB research). https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/IMARR/WP-DOCS/RSRCH/LORENZ.WPD.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited. The memo states that Lorenz's claims are reported ("reportedly") and cites Gaeton Fonzi, The Last Investigation (1993). [^27]: Marita Lorenz wrap-up memo, JFK Assassination Records Review Board research file (NARA, JFK Assassination Records, ARRB research). https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/IMARR/WP-DOCS/RSRCH/LORENZ.WPD.pdf. The memo states that Lorenz's claims are reported ("reportedly") and cites Gaeton Fonzi, The Last Investigation (1993).
[^28]: "638 ways to kill Castro," Mail & Guardian, August 2006, citing Fabián Escalante. https://mg.co.za/news/international/2006-08-09-638-ways-to-kill-castro/. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^28]: "638 ways to kill Castro," Mail & Guardian, August 2006, citing Fabián Escalante. https://mg.co.za/news/international/2006-08-09-638-ways-to-kill-castro/.
[^29]: Felix I. Rodriguez and John Weisman, Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), Prologue. [^29]: Felix I. Rodriguez and John Weisman, Shadow Warrior: The CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989), Prologue.
[^30]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXI, South and Central America; Mexico, editorial note preceding Document 171, and Document 171, Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms, "Capture and Execution of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara," October 11, 1967 (Johnson Library, National Security File, Country File, Bolivia, vol. IV), including note 3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HistoryAtState/frus/master/volumes/frus1964-68v31.xml [^30]: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXXI, South and Central America; Mexico, editorial note preceding Document 171, and Document 171, Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms, "Capture and Execution of Ernesto 'Che' Guevara," October 11, 1967 (Johnson Library, National Security File, Country File, Bolivia, vol. IV), including note 3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/HistoryAtState/frus/master/volumes/frus1964-68v31.xml
[^31]: Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (Seven Stories Press, 1998), chapter 13. [^31]: Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (Seven Stories Press, 1998), chapter 13.
@ -158,4 +158,4 @@ Preston also described a separate federal case: [[Reinaldo Ruiz]] and his son Ru
[^34]: Webb, Dark Alliance, chapter 4. [^34]: Webb, Dark Alliance, chapter 4.
[^35]: Webb, Dark Alliance, chapter 6. [^35]: Webb, Dark Alliance, chapter 6.
[^36]: Webb, Dark Alliance, Epilogue, quoting Donald Winters's statement to the court in the 1999 proceeding on Noriega's sentence. [^36]: Webb, Dark Alliance, Epilogue, quoting Donald Winters's statement to the court in the 1999 proceeding on Noriega's sentence.
[^37]: Julia Preston, "The Trial that Shook Cuba," The New York Review of Books, December 7, 1989. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1989/12/07/the-trial-that-shook-cuba/. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^37]: Julia Preston, "The Trial that Shook Cuba," The New York Review of Books, December 7, 1989. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1989/12/07/the-trial-that-shook-cuba/.

14
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/George W. Bush.md
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@ -151,24 +151,24 @@ Mark Danner wrote in 2006 that the memorandum of a July 2002 meeting with [[Tony
[^1]: White House, "Biography of President George W. Bush" (archived, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov). Sworn in January 20, 2001 and January 20, 2005; 46th Governor of Texas; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven; bachelor's degree in history from Yale University in 1968; F-102 fighter pilot in the Texas Air National Guard; Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 1975; moved back to Midland to begin a career in the energy business; assembled the partners who bought the Texas Rangers in 1989; elected Governor of Texas on November 8, 1994 and re-elected on November 3, 1998. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/president/biography.html [^1]: White House, "Biography of President George W. Bush" (archived, georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov). Sworn in January 20, 2001 and January 20, 2005; 46th Governor of Texas; born July 6, 1946, in New Haven; bachelor's degree in history from Yale University in 1968; F-102 fighter pilot in the Texas Air National Guard; Master of Business Administration from Harvard Business School in 1975; moved back to Midland to begin a career in the energy business; assembled the partners who bought the Texas Rangers in 1989; elected Governor of Texas on November 8, 1994 and re-elected on November 3, 1998. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/president/biography.html
[^2]: Biography.com, "George W. Bush." Eldest son of George H.W. and Barbara Bush, presidency, Yale enrollment in 1964, Delta Kappa Epsilon presidency, Texas Air National Guard enlistment in 1968, Air Force Reserve discharge on November 21, 1974. https://www.biography.com/us-president/george-w-bush [^2]: Biography.com, "George W. Bush." Eldest son of George H.W. and Barbara Bush, presidency, Yale enrollment in 1964, Delta Kappa Epsilon presidency, Texas Air National Guard enlistment in 1968, Air Force Reserve discharge on November 21, 1974. https://www.biography.com/us-president/george-w-bush
[^3]: Jacques Leslie, "Yale," Salon, March 1, 2000. Leslie identifies himself as a member of the Yale Class of 1968 who was asked to join Skull and Bones, and cites Bill Minutaglio's biography *First Son* for the account of Bush's tapping. Sole source for the Minutaglio account. https://www.salon.com/2000/03/01/yale/ [^3]: Jacques Leslie, "Yale," Salon, March 1, 2000. Leslie identifies himself as a member of the Yale Class of 1968 who was asked to join Skull and Bones, and cites Bill Minutaglio's biography *First Son* for the account of Bush's tapping. https://www.salon.com/2000/03/01/yale/
[^4]: Craig Unger, *House of Bush, House of Saud* (Scribner, 2004), pp. 32 to 33 (Bath, Bush and the CIA denial), 100 (Bath's statement and the Arbusto allegation), 115 (Bath's $50,000 and the March 1979 start of operations), 116 to 117 (the 1986 Harken deal and Kendrick), 118 (no direct contact with BCCI), 119 to 120 (Stephens, Union Bank of Switzerland, Bakhsh), 121 to 122 (Bahrain). The Bath, Bakhsh and Bahrain passages rest on Unger's cited reporting, including the Wall Street Journal, 1991. [^4]: Craig Unger, *House of Bush, House of Saud* (Scribner, 2004), pp. 32 to 33 (Bath, Bush and the CIA denial), 100 (Bath's statement and the Arbusto allegation), 115 (Bath's $50,000 and the March 1979 start of operations), 116 to 117 (the 1986 Harken deal and Kendrick), 118 (no direct contact with BCCI), 119 to 120 (Stephens, Union Bank of Switzerland, Bakhsh), 121 to 122 (Bahrain). The Bath, Bakhsh and Bahrain passages rest on Unger's cited reporting, including the Wall Street Journal, 1991.
[^5]: Jerry Urban, "Bush Said Friend's Arbusto Investment Was His Own, Not Saudi Money," *Houston Chronicle*, June 4, 1992. Sole source for the sworn-deposition, trust-agreement and Bill White passages, which the newspaper attributes to court documents and to the litigants. Reproduced at https://911timeline.s3.amazonaws.com/1990s/houstonchronicle060492.html [^5]: Jerry Urban, "Bush Said Friend's Arbusto Investment Was His Own, Not Saudi Money," *Houston Chronicle*, June 4, 1992. The newspaper attributes the sworn-deposition, trust-agreement and Bill White passages to court documents and to the litigants. Reproduced at https://911timeline.s3.amazonaws.com/1990s/houstonchronicle060492.html
[^6]: Harken Energy Corporation, Form 10-K for 1993, filed March 29, 1994 (SEC accession 0000950134-94-000289), Item 10, "Certain Matters Involving Directors and Executive Officers," and the list of Form 8-K reports. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000289.txt [^6]: Harken Energy Corporation, Form 10-K for 1993, filed March 29, 1994 (SEC accession 0000950134-94-000289), Item 10, "Certain Matters Involving Directors and Executive Officers," and the list of Form 8-K reports. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000289.txt
[^7]: Harken Energy Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement filed April 25, 1994 (SEC accession 0000950134-94-000454): "Effective as of October 26, 1993 Mr. George W. Bush resigned as a Class B Director of the Company." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt [^7]: Harken Energy Corporation, Schedule 14A proxy statement filed April 25, 1994 (SEC accession 0000950134-94-000454): "Effective as of October 26, 1993 Mr. George W. Bush resigned as a Class B Director of the Company." https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/313478/0000950134-94-000454.txt
[^8]: Report of the Independent Review Panel (Dick Thornburgh and Louis D. Boccardi) on the September 8, 2004 "60 Minutes Wednesday" segment "For the Record" concerning President Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, January 5, 2005, pp. 1 (the 111th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, May 1968 to October 1973, and the four documents), 3 to 5 (executive summary: "The Panel has not been able to conclude with absolute certainty whether the Killian documents are authentic or forgeries"; "myopic zeal"; defects 1 to 10). Archived copy of the CBS News posting: https://web.archive.org/web/2005id_/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/CBS_Report.pdf [^8]: Report of the Independent Review Panel (Dick Thornburgh and Louis D. Boccardi) on the September 8, 2004 "60 Minutes Wednesday" segment "For the Record" concerning President Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, January 5, 2005, pp. 1 (the 111th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, May 1968 to October 1973, and the four documents), 3 to 5 (executive summary: "The Panel has not been able to conclude with absolute certainty whether the Killian documents are authentic or forgeries"; "myopic zeal"; defects 1 to 10). Archived copy of the CBS News posting: https://web.archive.org/web/2005id_/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/CBS_Report.pdf
[^9]: FactCheck.org, "New Evidence Supports Bush Military Service (Mostly)," February 2004, including Bush's NBC interview. https://www.factcheck.org/2004/02/new-evidence-supports-bush-military-service-mostly/ [^9]: FactCheck.org, "New Evidence Supports Bush Military Service (Mostly)," February 2004, including Bush's NBC interview. https://www.factcheck.org/2004/02/new-evidence-supports-bush-military-service-mostly/
[^10]: Democracy Now!, "White House Opens Bush Military Records, Questions Remain," headlines, February 11, 2004. https://democracynow.org/2004/2/11/headlines/white_house_opens_bush_military_records_questions_remain [^10]: Democracy Now!, "White House Opens Bush Military Records, Questions Remain," headlines, February 11, 2004. https://democracynow.org/2004/2/11/headlines/white_house_opens_bush_military_records_questions_remain
[^11]: CBS News, statement of Leslie Moonves on the Independent Review Panel's report, January 10, 2005 (archived copy at cbsnews.com). The statement names the panel as Dick Thornburgh and Louis Boccardi, notes the 224-page report, and announces that Mary Mapes was terminated and that Josh Howard, Mary Murphy and Betsy West were relieved of their duties and asked to resign. https://web.archive.org/web/20050115000000/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/cbs_response.pdf [^11]: CBS News, statement of Leslie Moonves on the Independent Review Panel's report, January 10, 2005 (archived copy at cbsnews.com). The statement names the panel as Dick Thornburgh and Louis Boccardi, notes the 224-page report, and announces that Mary Mapes was terminated and that Josh Howard, Mary Murphy and Betsy West were relieved of their duties and asked to resign. https://web.archive.org/web/20050115000000/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/complete_report/cbs_response.pdf
[^12]: Pete Brewton, *The Mafia, CIA & George Bush* (S.P.I. Books, 1992), p. 221, citing "Resume of Jim R. Bath." Sole source for the Jim Bath and Associates account as Brewton gives it. [^12]: Pete Brewton, *The Mafia, CIA & George Bush* (S.P.I. Books, 1992), p. 221, citing "Resume of Jim R. Bath."
[^13]: Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI* (Random House, 1993), pp. 226 to 230, giving the account of Bill White. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^13]: Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne, *The Outlaw Bank: A Wild Ride into the Secret Heart of BCCI* (Random House, 1993), pp. 226 to 230, giving the account of Bill White.
[^14]: Knut Royce, "Bush violated security laws four times, SEC report says," Center for Public Integrity, October 4, 2000. The article describes the April 9, 1991 SEC memorandum and its figures. https://publicintegrity.org/politics/bush-violated-security-laws-four-times-sec-report-says/ [^14]: Knut Royce, "Bush violated security laws four times, SEC report says," Center for Public Integrity, October 4, 2000. The article describes the April 9, 1991 SEC memorandum and its figures. https://publicintegrity.org/politics/bush-violated-security-laws-four-times-sec-report-says/
[^15]: Salon, "Harken," July 13, 2002, quoting the SEC memorandum of October 1993 and the Harken loss announcement. https://www.salon.com/2002/07/13/harken/ [^15]: Salon, "Harken," July 13, 2002, quoting the SEC memorandum of October 1993 and the Harken loss announcement. https://www.salon.com/2002/07/13/harken/
[^16]: Center for Public Integrity, "How George W. Bush scored big with the Texas Rangers." https://publicintegrity.org/politics/how-george-w-bush-scored-big-with-the-texas-rangers/ [^16]: Center for Public Integrity, "How George W. Bush scored big with the Texas Rangers." https://publicintegrity.org/politics/how-george-w-bush-scored-big-with-the-texas-rangers/
[^17]: Democracy Now!, "Exclusive: Why The Carlyle Group Pushed George W. Bush Off Its Board," broadcast and rush transcript, July 3, 2003. Includes the recording of David Rubenstein's April 2003 remarks, Joe Conason's column in Salon, and the remarks of Dan Briody. Sole source for the Rubenstein remarks and for Briody's account of Fred Malek. https://www.democracynow.org/2003/7/3/democracy_now_exclusive_why_the_carlyle [^17]: Democracy Now!, "Exclusive: Why The Carlyle Group Pushed George W. Bush Off Its Board," broadcast and rush transcript, July 3, 2003. Includes the recording of David Rubenstein's April 2003 remarks, Joe Conason's column in Salon, and the remarks of Dan Briody. https://www.democracynow.org/2003/7/3/democracy_now_exclusive_why_the_carlyle
[^18]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (GPO, 2004), pp. 260-261, including the text of the August 6, 2001 Presidential Daily Brief item. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf [^18]: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, *The 9/11 Commission Report* (GPO, 2004), pp. 260-261, including the text of the August 6, 2001 Presidential Daily Brief item. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-911REPORT/pdf/GPO-911REPORT.pdf
[^19]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intel Committee publishes declassified '28 pages,'" July 15, 2016, including the statement of Chairman Devin Nunes. https://intelligence.house.gov/2016/07/15/intel-committee-publishes-declassified-28-pages/ [^19]: House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, "Intel Committee publishes declassified '28 pages,'" July 15, 2016, including the statement of Chairman Devin Nunes. https://intelligence.house.gov/2016/07/15/intel-committee-publishes-declassified-28-pages/
[^20]: 28pages.org, statement on the classification history of the 28 pages. Sole source for the classification attribution to the George W. Bush administration. https://28pages.org/ [^20]: 28pages.org, statement on the classification history of the 28 pages. https://28pages.org/
[^21]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program*, S. Rept. 113-288 (declassified December 2014): Findings and Conclusions (#1, #3, #5, #6, #7), the Memorandum of Notification of September 17, 2001, p. 39 and notes 17 and 178 (the April 2006 briefing, Bush's memoir, the CIA's June 2013 response and the Rizzo memoir), and the Yoo letter of July 13, 2002. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf [^21]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program*, S. Rept. 113-288 (declassified December 2014): Findings and Conclusions (#1, #3, #5, #6, #7), the Memorandum of Notification of September 17, 2001, p. 39 and notes 17 and 178 (the April 2006 briefing, Bush's memoir, the CIA's June 2013 response and the Rizzo memoir), and the Yoo letter of July 13, 2002. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/CRPT-113srpt288.pdf
[^22]: Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency, "Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative," August 1, 2002 (signed by Jay S. Bybee), pp. 1 and 18. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/legacy/2010/08/05/memo-bybee2002.pdf [^22]: Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency, "Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative," August 1, 2002 (signed by Jay S. Bybee), pp. 1 and 18. https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/legacy/2010/08/05/memo-bybee2002.pdf
[^23]: Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, "Standards of Conduct for Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A," August 1, 2002, PDF pp. 1, 2 and 46. https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/886061/dl [^23]: Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel, Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel to the President, "Standards of Conduct for Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A," August 1, 2002, PDF pp. 1, 2 and 46. https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/886061/dl
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ Mark Danner wrote in 2006 that the memorandum of a July 2002 meeting with [[Tony
[^28]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq*, S. Rept. 108-301 (2004), p. 14 (Conclusion 1). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108srpt301/pdf/CRPT-108srpt301.pdf [^28]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq*, S. Rept. 108-301 (2004), p. 14 (Conclusion 1). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108srpt301/pdf/CRPT-108srpt301.pdf
[^29]: Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence, *Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD* (the Duelfer report), September 30, 2004, "Regime Strategic Intent" and "Nuclear" key findings. Archived copy of the CIA posting: https://web.archive.org/web/2012id_/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/Comp_Report_Key_Findings.pdf [^29]: Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence, *Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD* (the Duelfer report), September 30, 2004, "Regime Strategic Intent" and "Nuclear" key findings. Archived copy of the CIA posting: https://web.archive.org/web/2012id_/https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/Comp_Report_Key_Findings.pdf
[^30]: Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, *Report to the President of the United States*, March 31, 2005, pp. 45, 48, 50 and 51. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-WMD/pdf/GPO-WMD.pdf [^30]: Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, *Report to the President of the United States*, March 31, 2005, pp. 45, 48, 50 and 51. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-WMD/pdf/GPO-WMD.pdf
[^31]: Martin Chulov and Helen Pidd, "Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war," The Guardian, February 15, 2011. Sole source for Janabi's account of his dealings with the BND. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/defector-admits-wmd-lies-iraq-war [^31]: Martin Chulov and Helen Pidd, "Defector admits to WMD lies that triggered Iraq war," The Guardian, February 15, 2011. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/15/defector-admits-wmd-lies-iraq-war
[^32]: Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, *Review of the Pre-Iraqi War Activities of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy*, Report No. 07-INTEL-04, February 9, 2007 (declassified), Executive Summary, pp. i and ii. https://irp.fas.org/agency/dod/ig020907-decl.pdf [^32]: Department of Defense Office of Inspector General, *Review of the Pre-Iraqi War Activities of the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy*, Report No. 07-INTEL-04, February 9, 2007 (declassified), Executive Summary, pp. i and ii. https://irp.fas.org/agency/dod/ig020907-decl.pdf
[^33]: Senate Committee on Armed Services, hearing "Briefing on the Department of Defense Inspector General's Report on the Activities of the Office of Special Plans Prior to the War in Iraq," S. Hrg. 110-232, February 9, 2007, opening statement of Chairman Levin, quoting the conclusion of the committee minority staff report of October 2004. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-110shrg35438/pdf/CHRG-110shrg35438.pdf [^33]: Senate Committee on Armed Services, hearing "Briefing on the Department of Defense Inspector General's Report on the Activities of the Office of Special Plans Prior to the War in Iraq," S. Hrg. 110-232, February 9, 2007, opening statement of Chairman Levin, quoting the conclusion of the committee minority staff report of October 2004. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-110shrg35438/pdf/CHRG-110shrg35438.pdf
[^34]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq by U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated by Intelligence Information*, S. Rept. 110-345 (June 5, 2008), pp. 1 to 2 (the five speeches and the intelligence review of them), Conclusion 12 (p. 71), Conclusion 15 (p. 82), Additional Views of Chairman Rockefeller (p. 89), Additional Views of Senators Hagel and Snowe (pp. 97 to 98) and Additional Views of Senator Hatch joined by Vice Chairman Bond and Senator Burr (p. 166). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/110345.pdf [^34]: Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, *Report on Whether Public Statements Regarding Iraq by U.S. Government Officials Were Substantiated by Intelligence Information*, S. Rept. 110-345 (June 5, 2008), pp. 1 to 2 (the five speeches and the intelligence review of them), Conclusion 12 (p. 71), Conclusion 15 (p. 82), Additional Views of Chairman Rockefeller (p. 89), Additional Views of Senators Hagel and Snowe (pp. 97 to 98) and Additional Views of Senator Hatch joined by Vice Chairman Bond and Senator Burr (p. 166). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/publications/110345.pdf

42
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Günter Guillaume.md
View file

@ -149,51 +149,51 @@ Christel Guillaume, born Boom, died in Berlin; her death was reported on March 2
[^2]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/themenbeitraege/die-affaere-guillaume/. States the OibE designation, the arrest of April 24, 1974 in Bonn, the 1927 birth year and the death on April 10, 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin. German original: "Guillaume starb am 10. April 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin." [^2]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/themenbeitraege/die-affaere-guillaume/. States the OibE designation, the arrest of April 24, 1974 in Bonn, the 1927 birth year and the death on April 10, 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin. German original: "Guillaume starb am 10. April 1995 in Eggersdorf bei Berlin."
[^3]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), same URL. Gives the Stasi training as defector candidates, the 1969 Leber recommendation, the 1970 appointment as "Referent für die Verbindungen zu den Gewerkschaften" and the 1972 promotion to "Parteireferent", the codenames with BStU, MfS, HV A, MD, Nr. 6, SIRA-TDB 12, SE 7303399, SIRA-TDB 21, ZV 8209795 and SIRA-TDB, ZV 8259394, the 23 SPD, 12 government-policy and nine trade-union items from July 30, 1969 to April 8, 1974, the destruction of the HV A files in 1989 and 1990, the Stasi-school lectures, the documentary "Auftrag erfüllt", the December 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, the 1981 release, the 1972 bribery of two Bundestag members, and the Großmann and Honecker passage citing Herbstritt, Bundesbürger im Dienst der DDR-Spionage, p. 312. German original: "Überliefert sind dort die beiden Decknamen "Hansen" (Günter Guillaume) und "Heinze" (Christel Guillaume) sowie ihr Erfassungsdatum bei der HV A: 9. September 1954 für "Hansen" und 30. Oktober 1958 für "Heinze"." And: "Insgesamt war der nachrichtendienstliche Wert von Guillaume für das MfS nicht herausragend, er war zweifellos keine Spitzenquelle." [^3]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume" (essay by Daniela Münkel), same URL. Gives the Stasi training as defector candidates, the 1969 Leber recommendation, the 1970 appointment as "Referent für die Verbindungen zu den Gewerkschaften" and the 1972 promotion to "Parteireferent", the codenames with BStU, MfS, HV A, MD, Nr. 6, SIRA-TDB 12, SE 7303399, SIRA-TDB 21, ZV 8209795 and SIRA-TDB, ZV 8259394, the 23 SPD, 12 government-policy and nine trade-union items from July 30, 1969 to April 8, 1974, the destruction of the HV A files in 1989 and 1990, the Stasi-school lectures, the documentary "Auftrag erfüllt", the December 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, the 1981 release, the 1972 bribery of two Bundestag members, and the Großmann and Honecker passage citing Herbstritt, Bundesbürger im Dienst der DDR-Spionage, p. 312. German original: "Überliefert sind dort die beiden Decknamen "Hansen" (Günter Guillaume) und "Heinze" (Christel Guillaume) sowie ihr Erfassungsdatum bei der HV A: 9. September 1954 für "Hansen" und 30. Oktober 1958 für "Heinze"." And: "Insgesamt war der nachrichtendienstliche Wert von Guillaume für das MfS nicht herausragend, er war zweifellos keine Spitzenquelle."
[^4]: Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte" (text by Barbara Groß and image captions), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/geschichtsgalerien/guenter-guillaume-der-spion-den-niemand-stoppte/. States the mission "Integration und Aufklärung der SPD", the proposal through Leber and contact with Herbert Ehrenberg, the reservations of the Sicherungsgruppe of the Bundeskriminalamt and of the BND, the retroactive hire on January 1, 1970 after the conversation with Ehmke, and carries the captions "Ermächtigung Günter Guillaumes für den Zugang zu Verschlusssachen der Geheimhaltungsgrade VS-Vertraulich und Geheim, 12. Mai 1970," "Fernmeldenachricht des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) an Günter Guillaume mit geheimen Informationen für Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt, 4. Juli 1973," and "Am 24. April 1974, wurden der damalige Kanzler-Referent Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christel in ihrer Wohnung in Bonn verhaftet." [^4]: Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte" (text by Barbara Groß and image captions), https://www.bundesarchiv.de/themen-entdecken/online-entdecken/geschichtsgalerien/guenter-guillaume-der-spion-den-niemand-stoppte/. States the mission "Integration und Aufklärung der SPD", the proposal through Leber and contact with Herbert Ehrenberg, the reservations of the Sicherungsgruppe of the Bundeskriminalamt and of the BND, the retroactive hire on January 1, 1970 after the conversation with Ehmke, and carries the captions "Ermächtigung Günter Guillaumes für den Zugang zu Verschlusssachen der Geheimhaltungsgrade VS-Vertraulich und Geheim, 12. Mai 1970," "Fernmeldenachricht des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) an Günter Guillaume mit geheimen Informationen für Bundeskanzler Willy Brandt, 4. Juli 1973," and "Am 24. April 1974, wurden der damalige Kanzler-Referent Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christel in ihrer Wohnung in Bonn verhaftet."
[^5]: Wolf, Markus, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen*, Munich: Ullstein, 2005 (German-language edition of the memoir; the English edition is *Man Without a Face*, New York: Times Books, 1997), Internet Archive lending copy spionagechefimge0000wolf, printed p. 264. German original: "Günter Guillaume und seine Frau Christel waren wie Dutzende anderer junger Menschen Mitte der 50er Jahre im Auftrag meines Dienstes unter ihrem richtigen Namen in die Bundesrepublik gegangen." "Das Ehepaar war von uns beauftragt, Quellen innerhalb der SPD zu erschließen und zu »führen«". Sole source for the passages so cited. The page numbers of this edition differ from those of the English edition. [^5]: Wolf, Markus, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg: Erinnerungen*, Munich: Ullstein, 2005 (German-language edition of the memoir; the English edition is *Man Without a Face*, New York: Times Books, 1997), Internet Archive lending copy spionagechefimge0000wolf, printed p. 264. German original: "Günter Guillaume und seine Frau Christel waren wie Dutzende anderer junger Menschen Mitte der 50er Jahre im Auftrag meines Dienstes unter ihrem richtigen Namen in die Bundesrepublik gegangen." "Das Ehepaar war von uns beauftragt, Quellen innerhalb der SPD zu erschließen und zu »führen«". The page numbers of this edition differ from those of the English edition.
[^6]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 7/3246, Bericht und Antrag des 2. Untersuchungsausschusses (zu Drucksache 7/2193), February 19, 1975, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/032/0703246.pdf, PDF p. 66. German original: "Im Notaufnahmeverfahren hatte Guillaume angegeben, von 1949 bis 1953 als Fotograf und von 1953 bis 1955 als Bildredakteur im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" gearbeitet zu haben." And: "In der Sicherheitserklärung gab Guillaume an, von 1951 bis 1955 im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als technischer Redakteur tätig gewesen zu sein." [^6]: Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache 7/3246, Bericht und Antrag des 2. Untersuchungsausschusses (zu Drucksache 7/2193), February 19, 1975, https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/07/032/0703246.pdf, PDF p. 66. German original: "Im Notaufnahmeverfahren hatte Guillaume angegeben, von 1949 bis 1953 als Fotograf und von 1953 bis 1955 als Bildredakteur im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" gearbeitet zu haben." And: "In der Sicherheitserklärung gab Guillaume an, von 1951 bis 1955 im Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als technischer Redakteur tätig gewesen zu sein."
[^7]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23: "Die Ehefrau Christel G., geb. 6. Oktober 1927"; Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 7: born "am 6. 11. 1927 in Allenstein/Ostpreußen". [^7]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23: "Die Ehefrau Christel G., geb. 6. Oktober 1927"; Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 7: born "am 6. 11. 1927 in Allenstein/Ostpreußen".
[^8]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. Gives the 1956 family-reunification legend, the coffee and tobacco shop Boom am Dom, and the Chancellery telexes through Guillaume's hands during the Norway holiday. Sole source for the Boom am Dom detail and the telex statement. [^8]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. Gives the 1956 family-reunification legend, the coffee and tobacco shop Boom am Dom, and the Chancellery telexes through Guillaume's hands during the Norway holiday.
[^9]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (the points of the BfV memoranda of May 11 and 17, 1973). German original: "Die Einreise der Eheleute Guillaume am 13. Mai 1956 ohne die Inanspruchnahme des Notaufnahmelagers Gießen und die Zeitdifferenz zwischen der Einreise und dem Notaufnahmeantrag, der erst am 13. September 1956 in Gießen einging, zeige an, daß der schriftliche Antrag einer gründlichen und langen Vorbereitung bedurfte." [^9]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (the points of the BfV memoranda of May 11 and 17, 1973). German original: "Die Einreise der Eheleute Guillaume am 13. Mai 1956 ohne die Inanspruchnahme des Notaufnahmelagers Gießen und die Zeitdifferenz zwischen der Einreise und dem Notaufnahmeantrag, der erst am 13. September 1956 in Gießen einging, zeige an, daß der schriftliche Antrag einer gründlichen und langen Vorbereitung bedurfte."
[^10]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19. German original: "Dort eröffnete er mit seiner Frau am 15. August 1956 ein Schreibbüro". Also: "Nachdem Guillaume 1957 in die SPD eingetreten war ... wurde er am 1. März 1964 Geschäftsführer für den Unterbezirk Frankfurt der SPD." [^10]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19. German original: "Dort eröffnete er mit seiner Frau am 15. August 1956 ein Schreibbüro". Also: "Nachdem Guillaume 1957 in die SPD eingetreten war ... wurde er am 1. März 1964 Geschäftsführer für den Unterbezirk Frankfurt der SPD."
[^11]: Pond, Elizabeth, "East, West Germany trade spies; West plays 'waiting game'," The Christian Science Monitor, March 23, 1981, https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0323/032355.html. Quoted: "Just before her release, Christel Guillaume was pardoned by West Germany." Also: "In the first East-West spy swap in 20 months, the wife of East Germany's most famous secret agent has been returned to East Germany." Also: "After his arrest Guillaume confirmed proudly that he was an officer in the East German Army." And: "East Germany has tried repeatedly to get master spy Gunter Guillaume back, but West Germany is insisting that he serve his full 13-year sentence." The snack bar is described in the same article. [^11]: Pond, Elizabeth, "East, West Germany trade spies; West plays 'waiting game'," The Christian Science Monitor, March 23, 1981, https://www.csmonitor.com/1981/0323/032355.html. Quoted: "Just before her release, Christel Guillaume was pardoned by West Germany." Also: "In the first East-West spy swap in 20 months, the wife of East Germany's most famous secret agent has been returned to East Germany." Also: "After his arrest Guillaume confirmed proudly that he was an officer in the East German Army." And: "East Germany has tried repeatedly to get master spy Gunter Guillaume back, but West Germany is insisting that he serve his full 13-year sentence." The snack bar is described in the same article.
[^12]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 265. German original: "Die Informationen ließ er uns per Mikrofilm in leeren Zigarrenhülsen zukommen, die ein Kurier im Laden seiner Schwiegermutter entgegennahm. Einseitigen Funkkontakt zu den Guillaumes hielten wir zu festgelegten Zeiten an bestimmten Monatstagen." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^12]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 265. German original: "Die Informationen ließ er uns per Mikrofilm in leeren Zigarrenhülsen zukommen, die ein Kurier im Laden seiner Schwiegermutter entgegennahm. Einseitigen Funkkontakt zu den Guillaumes hielten wir zu festgelegten Zeiten an bestimmten Monatstagen."
[^13]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 8 (March 1, 1964 to April 30, 1968 as Geschäftsführer of the Unterbezirk Frankfurt; from May 1968 Geschäftsführer of the SPD-Stadtverordnetenfraktion; Stadtverordnetenversammlung from October 1968; Wahlkreisbeauftragter of Georg Leber in Wahlkreis 140; departure for Bonn December 31, 1969); Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19 (SPD entry 1957). [^13]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 8 (March 1, 1964 to April 30, 1968 as Geschäftsführer of the Unterbezirk Frankfurt; from May 1968 Geschäftsführer of the SPD-Stadtverordnetenfraktion; Stadtverordnetenversammlung from October 1968; Wahlkreisbeauftragter of Georg Leber in Wahlkreis 140; departure for Bonn December 31, 1969); Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 19 (SPD entry 1957).
[^14]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 264 and 265. German original: "Christel Guillaume war als erste erfolgreich: Sie wurde Anfang der 60er Jahre Büroleiterin bei Willi Birkelbach." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^14]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 264 and 265. German original: "Christel Guillaume war als erste erfolgreich: Sie wurde Anfang der 60er Jahre Büroleiterin bei Willi Birkelbach."
[^15]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 267 and 268. German original: "Guillaumes Informationen und Wertungen hatten eine ganz andere Bedeutung als die Geheimdokumente, die uns über unsere anderen Quellen erreichten." "es ist keine Übertreibung, wenn ich sage, daß er die Entspannung zwischen Bundesrepublik und DDR mitgeprägt hat". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^15]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 267 and 268. German original: "Guillaumes Informationen und Wertungen hatten eine ganz andere Bedeutung als die Geheimdokumente, die uns über unsere anderen Quellen erreichten." "es ist keine Übertreibung, wenn ich sage, daß er die Entspannung zwischen Bundesrepublik und DDR mitgeprägt hat".
[^16]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 263. German original: "Drei Wochen nach Willy Brandts Wahl zum Bundeskanzler am 21. Oktober 1969 stellte sich dem Chef des Kanzleramts ein Mann namens Günter Guillaume vor." "Kanzleramtschef Horst Ehmke sah keinen Grund, Guillaumes Befürwortern ihren Wunsch abzuschlagen". The Federal Government's report (Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 9, section Einstellungsvorgang) places the proposal by Ehrenberg in the 1969 reorganization of the Chancellery. Sole source for Wolf's account of the presentation. [^16]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 263. German original: "Drei Wochen nach Willy Brandts Wahl zum Bundeskanzler am 21. Oktober 1969 stellte sich dem Chef des Kanzleramts ein Mann namens Günter Guillaume vor." "Kanzleramtschef Horst Ehmke sah keinen Grund, Guillaumes Befürwortern ihren Wunsch abzuschlagen". The Federal Government's report (Drucksache 7/3083, PDF p. 9, section Einstellungsvorgang) places the proposal by Ehrenberg in the 1969 reorganization of the Chancellery.
[^17]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 24 ("die von der Unterabteilung des BND am 16. Dezember 1969 gegebene Antwort"). [^17]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 24 ("die von der Unterabteilung des BND am 16. Dezember 1969 gegebene Antwort").
[^18]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 67 (telex of the BND received December 17, 1969, reporting a card entry of April 1954). German original: "dass nach einer auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt nicht mehr überprüfbaren Karteinotierung des BND vom April 1954 Günter Guillaume im Auftrage des Verlags „Volk und Wissen" die Bundesrepublik bereist haben solle, Verbindungen zu Verlagen, Druckereien und Personen herzustellen und diese dann östlich zu infiltrieren." [^18]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 67 (telex of the BND received December 17, 1969, reporting a card entry of April 1954). German original: "dass nach einer auf ihren Wahrheitsgehalt nicht mehr überprüfbaren Karteinotierung des BND vom April 1954 Günter Guillaume im Auftrage des Verlags „Volk und Wissen" die Bundesrepublik bereist haben solle, Verbindungen zu Verlagen, Druckereien und Personen herzustellen und diese dann östlich zu infiltrieren."
[^19]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (testimony of Wessel on the question to the BND and on Volk und Wissen as "Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit"; testimony of Ehmke on Bahr's note; the interview of January 7, 1970 with Ehmke, Schlichter and Ehrenberg, record countersigned by Guillaume on January 12, 1970). German original: "Weiterhin verfügte der BND über die Erkenntnis, daß der Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit diente." [^19]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (testimony of Wessel on the question to the BND and on Volk und Wissen as "Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit"; testimony of Ehmke on Bahr's note; the interview of January 7, 1970 with Ehmke, Schlichter and Ehrenberg, record countersigned by Guillaume on January 12, 1970). German original: "Weiterhin verfügte der BND über die Erkenntnis, daß der Verlag „Volk und Wissen" als Residentur für Mitglieder des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit diente."
[^20]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the telex of the BND president of December 23, 1969, shown to Bahr in view of a possible vacation deputization, and his handwritten note) and PDF p. 68 (Schlichter's note of December 23, 1969 that Wessel had fallen ill and would respond by telex). German original of the note: "Selbst wenn Sie einen positiven Eindruck haben, bleibt ein gewisses Sicherheitsrisiko, gerade hier". [^20]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the telex of the BND president of December 23, 1969, shown to Bahr in view of a possible vacation deputization, and his handwritten note) and PDF p. 68 (Schlichter's note of December 23, 1969 that Wessel had fallen ill and would respond by telex). German original of the note: "Selbst wenn Sie einen positiven Eindruck haben, bleibt ein gewisses Sicherheitsrisiko, gerade hier".
[^21]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 265 and 266. German original: "Nur Egon Bahr blieb mißtrauisch und erklärte Ehmke gegenüber, möglicherweise tue er Guillaume Unrecht, aber dessen Vergangenheit lasse es als äußerst riskant erscheinen, ihn ins Kanzleramt aufzunehmen. Seine Warnung verhallte ungehört". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^21]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 265 and 266. German original: "Nur Egon Bahr blieb mißtrauisch und erklärte Ehmke gegenüber, möglicherweise tue er Guillaume Unrecht, aber dessen Vergangenheit lasse es als äußerst riskant erscheinen, ihn ins Kanzleramt aufzunehmen. Seine Warnung verhallte ungehört".
[^22]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 28 (the BfV's comprehensive card check, summarized on January 26, 1970 and handed to the Chancellery security official Schlichter on January 27, 1970). [^22]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 28 (the BfV's comprehensive card check, summarized on January 26, 1970 and handed to the Chancellery security official Schlichter on January 27, 1970).
[^23]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23 (hire "zum 1. Januar 1970") and PDF p. 29 ("Guillaume trat seinen Dienst im Bundeskanzleramt am 28. Januar 1970 an."). [^23]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 23 (hire "zum 1. Januar 1970") and PDF p. 29 ("Guillaume trat seinen Dienst im Bundeskanzleramt am 28. Januar 1970 an.").
[^24]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 267. German original: "für Empfang und Weiterleitung der eingehenden Nachrichten und der per Hubschrauber eintreffenden Kurierpost zuständig. Die BND-Leute gewöhnten sich schnell daran, daß Guillaume offensichtlich das Vertrauen der Regierungsspitze genoß. Mit Zustimmung des Verfassungsschutzes erhielt er kurz darauf auch die formelle Genehmigung zum Umgang mit Verschlußsachen der höchsten Geheimhaltungsstufe." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^24]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 267. German original: "für Empfang und Weiterleitung der eingehenden Nachrichten und der per Hubschrauber eintreffenden Kurierpost zuständig. Die BND-Leute gewöhnten sich schnell daran, daß Guillaume offensichtlich das Vertrauen der Regierungsspitze genoß. Mit Zustimmung des Verfassungsschutzes erhielt er kurz darauf auch die formelle Genehmigung zum Umgang mit Verschlußsachen der höchsten Geheimhaltungsstufe."
[^25]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 34. German original: "Durch Hausanordnung vom 30. November 1972 wurde Guillaume dem Büro des Bundeskanzlers zugeteilt." The passage states that he had taken over months earlier the portfolio of the administrative official Reuschenbach for links to the party and parliamentary group. [^25]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 34. German original: "Durch Hausanordnung vom 30. November 1972 wurde Guillaume dem Büro des Bundeskanzlers zugeteilt." The passage states that he had taken over months earlier the portfolio of the administrative official Reuschenbach for links to the party and parliamentary group.
[^26]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 268. German original: "Ab dem 1. Januar 1973 war er als persönlicher Referent für Parteifragen dem Kanzlerbüro zugeteilt". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^26]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 268. German original: "Ab dem 1. Januar 1973 war er als persönlicher Referent für Parteifragen dem Kanzlerbüro zugeteilt".
[^27]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the committee's finding: "Es wäre sinnvoll gewesen, wenn der Präsident des Bundesnachrichtendienstes seinen Erkenntnisstand über den Verlag „Volk und Wissen" weitergegeben hätte") and PDF p. 37 (Nollau on the UfJ and BND source reports: "denn dieses sei wirklich gravierend gewesen"). [^27]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 25 (the committee's finding: "Es wäre sinnvoll gewesen, wenn der Präsident des Bundesnachrichtendienstes seinen Erkenntnisstand über den Verlag „Volk und Wissen" weitergegeben hätte") and PDF p. 37 (Nollau on the UfJ and BND source reports: "denn dieses sei wirklich gravierend gewesen").
[^28]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 49. German original: "Der Sachverständige Mercker hat dazu bestätigt, daß das Prinzip der Abgabe an den BfV bei innenpolitischen Vorgängen nicht immer eingehalten worden sei. So habe auch im Fall Guillaume der BND Material über Guillaume gehabt, daß er nach den Richtlinien an das BfV hätte abgeben müssen." [^28]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 49. German original: "Der Sachverständige Mercker hat dazu bestätigt, daß das Prinzip der Abgabe an den BfV bei innenpolitischen Vorgängen nicht immer eingehalten worden sei. So habe auch im Fall Guillaume der BND Material über Guillaume gehabt, daß er nach den Richtlinien an das BfV hätte abgeben müssen."
[^29]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 2 and 39 to 42 (government statement and excerpt of the second part of the Mercker report of July 24, 1969: contract of May 31, 1968 with the head of the Chancellery Carstens; members Mercker, Raab, Zerbel; findings on the decline of the BND's effectiveness against the East, on staff suspicion of leading officials, on the use of security reasons against inconvenient staff and on Chancellery supervision), with the Second Inquiry Committee's reference to the recommendation of intensive supervision "daß der BND zum Staat im Staate werde" in Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 46. German original of the government's statement: "Der Bericht der Mercker-Kommission ist auch heute nicht zu einer vollständigen Veröffentlichung geeignet." German original of the government's remark: "Die neue Leitung des Dienstes ist den Hinweisen nachgegangen. Die Vermutungen haben sich nicht bestätigt." Of the commission: "Dieser Eindruck ist offensichtlich auch dadurch verstärkt worden, daß vielfach allzu schnell und allzu offensichtlich unzutreffenderweise Sicherheitsgründe, insbesondere der Vorwurf der Feindsteuerung zur Begründung von Maßnahmen gegen unbequeme Mitarbeiter herangezogen worden ist." [^29]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 2 and 39 to 42 (government statement and excerpt of the second part of the Mercker report of July 24, 1969: contract of May 31, 1968 with the head of the Chancellery Carstens; members Mercker, Raab, Zerbel; findings on the decline of the BND's effectiveness against the East, on staff suspicion of leading officials, on the use of security reasons against inconvenient staff and on Chancellery supervision), with the Second Inquiry Committee's reference to the recommendation of intensive supervision "daß der BND zum Staat im Staate werde" in Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 46. German original of the government's statement: "Der Bericht der Mercker-Kommission ist auch heute nicht zu einer vollständigen Veröffentlichung geeignet." German original of the government's remark: "Die neue Leitung des Dienstes ist den Hinweisen nachgegangen. Die Vermutungen haben sich nicht bestätigt." Of the commission: "Dieser Eindruck ist offensichtlich auch dadurch verstärkt worden, daß vielfach allzu schnell und allzu offensichtlich unzutreffenderweise Sicherheitsgründe, insbesondere der Vorwurf der Feindsteuerung zur Begründung von Maßnahmen gegen unbequeme Mitarbeiter herangezogen worden ist."
[^30]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 1, 3 and 6 (cabinet resolutions of May 14 and 29, 1974; appointment by letter of May 30, 1974; start of work May 31, 1974; report dated November 11, 1974 and handed over November 18, 1974; letter of the Chancellor of December 3, 1974). [^30]: Drucksache 7/3083, PDF pp. 1, 3 and 6 (cabinet resolutions of May 14 and 29, 1974; appointment by letter of May 30, 1974; start of work May 31, 1974; report dated November 11, 1974 and handed over November 18, 1974; letter of the Chancellor of December 3, 1974).
[^31]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 274. German original: "Im Herbst 1972 wurde Wilhelm Gronau vom Ostbüro des DGB, eine unserer ältesten Quellen in West-Berlin, verhaftet, als er sich mit seinem DDR-Instrukteur traf." Also: the instructor "einen Spickzettel mit sich geführt hatte, auf dem er sich unter anderem den Namen Guillaume notiert hatte". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^31]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 274. German original: "Im Herbst 1972 wurde Wilhelm Gronau vom Ostbüro des DGB, eine unserer ältesten Quellen in West-Berlin, verhaftet, als er sich mit seinem DDR-Instrukteur traf." Also: the instructor "einen Spickzettel mit sich geführt hatte, auf dem er sich unter anderem den Namen Guillaume notiert hatte".
[^32]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 35 and 36. German original: "Die ersten Verdachtsmomente gegen Günter Guillaume wurden im April 1973 erkannt und verdichteten sich im Laufe des Monats Mai". [^32]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 35 and 36. German original: "Die ersten Verdachtsmomente gegen Günter Guillaume wurden im April 1973 erkannt und verdichteten sich im Laufe des Monats Mai".
[^33]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 269. German original: "Es kann nicht später als März 1973 gewesen sein, daß der Verfassungsschutz sich über Guillaumes Identität als Spion der DDR endgültig im klaren war." Sole source for the passages so cited; the committee's finding is at Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 35. [^33]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 269. German original: "Es kann nicht später als März 1973 gewesen sein, daß der Verfassungsschutz sich über Guillaumes Identität als Spion der DDR endgültig im klaren war." The committee's finding is at Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 35.
[^34]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 274 and 275. German original: "Was wir außerdem zu berücksichtigen vergaßen, waren die Geburtstags- und Neujahrsglückwünsche, die unser Dienst an seine Mitarbeiter zu schicken pflegte." "Der Beamte nahm sich die Akte mit den Telegrammen vor und verglich die Daten der Glückwünsche mit den Geburtstagen der Familie Guillaume. Von da an war alles klar." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^34]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 274 and 275. German original: "Was wir außerdem zu berücksichtigen vergaßen, waren die Geburtstags- und Neujahrsglückwünsche, die unser Dienst an seine Mitarbeiter zu schicken pflegte." "Der Beamte nahm sich die Akte mit den Telegrammen vor und verglich die Daten der Glückwünsche mit den Geburtstagen der Familie Guillaume. Von da an war alles klar."
[^35]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. German original: "einst abgefangene und dechiffrierte DDR-Funksprüche mit Geburtstagsgrüßen und einem „Glückwunsch zum zweiten Mann" passten taggenau auf Günter Guillaume und dessen in Frankfurt zur Welt gekommenen Sohn." And: "Kaum wurden die Indizien beim Verfassungsschutz bis zu Präsident Günther Nollau weitergereicht, erkannte dieser einen dringenden Verdacht, doch es fehlten handfeste, gerichtsverwertbare Beweise." Sole source for the radio intercept passage. [^35]: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, "Fall G. mit Folgen," https://www.fes.de/news/fall-g-mit-folgen. German original: "einst abgefangene und dechiffrierte DDR-Funksprüche mit Geburtstagsgrüßen und einem „Glückwunsch zum zweiten Mann" passten taggenau auf Günter Guillaume und dessen in Frankfurt zur Welt gekommenen Sohn." And: "Kaum wurden die Indizien beim Verfassungsschutz bis zu Präsident Günther Nollau weitergereicht, erkannte dieser einen dringenden Verdacht, doch es fehlten handfeste, gerichtsverwertbare Beweise."
[^36]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (forwarding on May 23, 1973 via the vice president to the BfV president; meeting of May 28, 1973). [^36]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 36 (forwarding on May 23, 1973 via the vice president to the BfV president; meeting of May 28, 1973).
[^37]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 37 and 38 (briefing of Genscher by Nollau on May 29, 1973 at 10:30 with Kinkel present; the two grounds, a "besondere nachrichtendienstliche Methode" and a gap of five months in the curriculum vitae; Nollau's first refusal and subsequent approval of informing the Chancellor; the testimony of Genscher, Kinkel and Nollau on what was conveyed; Nollau's answer "Nicht mit diesen Worten, aber mit dieser Meinung."). [^37]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 37 and 38 (briefing of Genscher by Nollau on May 29, 1973 at 10:30 with Kinkel present; the two grounds, a "besondere nachrichtendienstliche Methode" and a gap of five months in the curriculum vitae; Nollau's first refusal and subsequent approval of informing the Chancellor; the testimony of Genscher, Kinkel and Nollau on what was conveyed; Nollau's answer "Nicht mit diesen Worten, aber mit dieser Meinung.").
[^38]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 39 and 40 (the two conversations of May 29 and 30, 1973; Brandt's testimony 16/93 to 16/99, 16/121; the advice to leave Guillaume in place; the Norway question and the answer that nothing should change). German original: "gab der Bundesminister des Innern unter Berufung auf den Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Verfassungsschutz dem Bundeskanzler auf dessen Frage hin den Rat des Verfassungsschutzes weiter, Guillaume am Platz zu belassen". [^38]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF pp. 39 and 40 (the two conversations of May 29 and 30, 1973; Brandt's testimony 16/93 to 16/99, 16/121; the advice to leave Guillaume in place; the Norway question and the answer that nothing should change). German original: "gab der Bundesminister des Innern unter Berufung auf den Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Verfassungsschutz dem Bundeskanzler auf dessen Frage hin den Rat des Verfassungsschutzes weiter, Guillaume am Platz zu belassen".
[^39]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 40 (the contradiction between Genscher and Nollau on the telephone call of May 30, 1973, which "nicht auszuräumen war"; Grabert's confirmation of June 4, 1973; the BfV note of July 4, 1973 that Guillaume was on holiday with the Chancellor; Bardenhewer's recollection that Nollau had recommended taking Guillaume along). Sole source for the May 30 telephone accounts. [^39]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 40 (the contradiction between Genscher and Nollau on the telephone call of May 30, 1973, which "nicht auszuräumen war"; Grabert's confirmation of June 4, 1973; the BfV note of July 4, 1973 that Guillaume was on holiday with the Chancellor; Bardenhewer's recollection that Nollau had recommended taking Guillaume along).
[^40]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 270. German original: "Als wäre nichts gewesen, blieb Guillaume Brandts enger Vertrauter und begleitete ihn Ende Juni 1973 auf dessen Urlaub nach Norwegen, wo er für mehrere Wochen sämtliche Aufgaben des persönlichen Referenten und Büroleiters erledigte. Aller Schriftverkehr ging durch seine Hände; es gibt Fernsehaufnahmen, wo man Guillaume am Chiffriergerät ein eben eingegangenes Fernschreiben lesen sieht." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^40]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 269 and 270. German original: "Als wäre nichts gewesen, blieb Guillaume Brandts enger Vertrauter und begleitete ihn Ende Juni 1973 auf dessen Urlaub nach Norwegen, wo er für mehrere Wochen sämtliche Aufgaben des persönlichen Referenten und Büroleiters erledigte. Aller Schriftverkehr ging durch seine Hände; es gibt Fernsehaufnahmen, wo man Guillaume am Chiffriergerät ein eben eingegangenes Fernschreiben lesen sieht."
[^41]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 272 to 274. German original: "Den Inhalt der Norwegen-Dokumente erfuhren wir erst, als sie Gegenstand des Prozesses gegen das Ehepaar Guillaume wurden. Der Grund dafür ist, daß wir die Filmrollen mit den Kopien der Papiere, die Christel Guillaume ihrem Kurier »Anita« aushändigte, nie erhielten." "Zuletzt wählte sie die geringere Gefahr und ließ das Päckchen von einer Rheinbrücke ins Wasser fallen". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^41]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 272 to 274. German original: "Den Inhalt der Norwegen-Dokumente erfuhren wir erst, als sie Gegenstand des Prozesses gegen das Ehepaar Guillaume wurden. Der Grund dafür ist, daß wir die Filmrollen mit den Kopien der Papiere, die Christel Guillaume ihrem Kurier »Anita« aushändigte, nie erhielten." "Zuletzt wählte sie die geringere Gefahr und ließ das Päckchen von einer Rheinbrücke ins Wasser fallen".
[^42]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 275 to 277. German original: "Die Diskrepanzen in den Aussagen des Innenministers und des obersten Verfassungsschützers ließen nicht nur in Bonn den Verdacht aufkommen, Eingeweihte hätten Brandt bewußt ins Unheil tappen lassen." "Daß der ehrgeizige Politiker Genscher angesichts der Regierungskrise in jenen Tagen bereits mit Helmut Kohl, dem Oppositionsführer, Gespräche über eine CDU-FDP-Koalition führte, ist ebensowenig ein Geheimnis". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^42]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed pp. 275 to 277. German original: "Die Diskrepanzen in den Aussagen des Innenministers und des obersten Verfassungsschützers ließen nicht nur in Bonn den Verdacht aufkommen, Eingeweihte hätten Brandt bewußt ins Unheil tappen lassen." "Daß der ehrgeizige Politiker Genscher angesichts der Regierungskrise in jenen Tagen bereits mit Helmut Kohl, dem Oppositionsführer, Gespräche über eine CDU-FDP-Koalition führte, ist ebensowenig ein Geheimnis".
[^43]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 277. German original: "Ihre diesbezüglichen Aussagen in meinem Prozeß 1993 waren wenig erhellend und beschränkten sich im wesentlichen darauf, daß sie von Nollau lediglich über einen »vagen Verdacht« informiert worden seien." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^43]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 277. German original: "Ihre diesbezüglichen Aussagen in meinem Prozeß 1993 waren wenig erhellend und beschränkten sich im wesentlichen darauf, daß sie von Nollau lediglich über einen »vagen Verdacht« informiert worden seien."
[^44]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 62 (section "Auffassung der Minderheit," the CDU/CSU minority opinion of Abgeordneter Gerster). German original: "Am 24. April 1974 wurden der persönliche Mitarbeiter des damaligen Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt, Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christine, geb. Boom, wegen des dringenden Tatverdachts nachrichtendienstlicher Tätigkeit verhaftet." Christel G., geb. Boom, is named in the majority text at PDF p. 23. [^44]: Drucksache 7/3246, PDF p. 62 (section "Auffassung der Minderheit," the CDU/CSU minority opinion of Abgeordneter Gerster). German original: "Am 24. April 1974 wurden der persönliche Mitarbeiter des damaligen Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt, Günter Guillaume und seine Ehefrau Christine, geb. Boom, wegen des dringenden Tatverdachts nachrichtendienstlicher Tätigkeit verhaftet." Christel G., geb. Boom, is named in the majority text at PDF p. 23.
[^45]: Brandt, Willy, *People and Politics: The Years 1960-1975*, Boston: Little, Brown, 1978, p. 450 (Internet Archive lending copy peoplepoliticsth00bran; index entry "Guillaume, Günther, 450"). Quoted: "On the morning of 24 April 1974, when I returned from Cairo, I was greeted with the news that one of my Chancellery advisers had been arrested as a spy." "my decision to resign matured without undue haste. It was finally taken on 6 May." "There is no doubt that I took advice which, looking back, I should not have taken." [^45]: Brandt, Willy, *People and Politics: The Years 1960-1975*, Boston: Little, Brown, 1978, p. 450 (Internet Archive lending copy peoplepoliticsth00bran; index entry "Guillaume, Günther, 450"). Quoted: "On the morning of 24 April 1974, when I returned from Cairo, I was greeted with the news that one of my Chancellery advisers had been arrested as a spy." "my decision to resign matured without undue haste. It was finally taken on 6 May." "There is no doubt that I took advice which, looking back, I should not have taken."
[^46]: Brandt Stiftung, "Der Rücktritt Willy Brandts," published May 6, 2024, https://willy-brandt.de/en/neuigkeiten/der-ruecktritt-willy-brandts/. Covers the Bundeskriminalamt dossier of May 1, the Bad Münstereifel meeting of May 4, the announcement to the SPD leadership, the letter received by the federal president on the evening of May 6, the midnight announcement, the May 7 explanation to the SPD parliamentary group, and the election of Helmut Schmidt "einen Tag später" after May 15, 1974. German original of the letter: "übernehme die politische Verantwortung für Fahrlässigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Agentenaffäre Guillaume". [^46]: Brandt Stiftung, "Der Rücktritt Willy Brandts," published May 6, 2024, https://willy-brandt.de/en/neuigkeiten/der-ruecktritt-willy-brandts/. Covers the Bundeskriminalamt dossier of May 1, the Bad Münstereifel meeting of May 4, the announcement to the SPD leadership, the letter received by the federal president on the evening of May 6, the midnight announcement, the May 7 explanation to the SPD parliamentary group, and the election of Helmut Schmidt "einen Tag später" after May 15, 1974. German original of the letter: "übernehme die politische Verantwortung für Fahrlässigkeiten im Zusammenhang mit der Agentenaffäre Guillaume".
[^47]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 262. German original: "der Rücktritt Willy Brandts nach der Verhaftung unseres Kundschafters Günter Guillaume." The sentence reads that he did not yet suspect that nine months later would happen "was man mir bis heute anlastet". Sole source for the passages so cited. [^47]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 262. German original: "der Rücktritt Willy Brandts nach der Verhaftung unseres Kundschafters Günter Guillaume." The sentence reads that he did not yet suspect that nine months later would happen "was man mir bis heute anlastet".
[^48]: Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen, Stasi-Mediathek, "Bericht zur 'Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts'," BArch, MfS, ZAIG, Nr. 5023, Bl. 3-17, dated May 14, 1974, https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/fileadmin/pdf/dok1534.pdf. The editorial introduction states the 1956 emigration, the 1972 post, the arrest of April 24, 1974, the 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, and the 1972 payments to two Bundestag members. German original of the conclusion: "Der Fall Guillaume war nur der äußere Anlaß zum Rücktritt Brandts von seiner Funktion als Bundeskanzler." Sole source for the bribery claim apart from the Bundesarchiv essay, which repeats it. [^48]: Bundesbeauftragter für die Stasi-Unterlagen, Stasi-Mediathek, "Bericht zur 'Entwicklung der Krise der Koalition und zum Verfall der Autorität Willy Brandts'," BArch, MfS, ZAIG, Nr. 5023, Bl. 3-17, dated May 14, 1974, https://www.stasi-mediathek.de/fileadmin/pdf/dok1534.pdf. The editorial introduction states the 1956 emigration, the 1972 post, the arrest of April 24, 1974, the 1975 sentences of 13 and eight years, and the 1972 payments to two Bundestag members. German original of the conclusion: "Der Fall Guillaume war nur der äußere Anlaß zum Rücktritt Brandts von seiner Funktion als Bundeskanzler."
[^49]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 261. German original: "Ich erinnerte mich an den CDU-Parlamentarier Julius Steiner aus Baden-Württemberg, der sich zu einer mittelmäßigen Informationsquelle entwickelt hatte und dafür regelmäßige Geldzuwendungen". "Als dann das Ergebnis verkündet wurde, fehlten ihr wider Erwarten zwei Stimmen." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^49]: Wolf, *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, printed p. 261. German original: "Ich erinnerte mich an den CDU-Parlamentarier Julius Steiner aus Baden-Württemberg, der sich zu einer mittelmäßigen Informationsquelle entwickelt hatte und dafür regelmäßige Geldzuwendungen". "Als dann das Ergebnis verkündet wurde, fehlten ihr wider Erwarten zwei Stimmen."
[^50]: Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte," same URL as note 4, image captions: "Zeugenaussage des SPD-Vorsitzenden und früheren Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt vor dem 4. Strafsenat des Oberlandesgerichtes Düsseldorf im Prozess gegen Günter Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 1. Oktober 1974"; "Schreiben (Entwurf) an den rheinland-pfälzischen Ministerpräsidenten, Dr. Helmut Kohl, zur Frage des Austauschs von Guillaume, 9. September 1974"; "Urteil des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf in der Strafsache gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume, u. a. wegen Landesverrats, 15. Dezember 1975"; "Vermerk des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) zur Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 16. Dezember 1975". [^50]: Bundesarchiv, Geschichtsgalerie "Günter Guillaume: Der Spion, den niemand stoppte," same URL as note 4, image captions: "Zeugenaussage des SPD-Vorsitzenden und früheren Bundeskanzlers Willy Brandt vor dem 4. Strafsenat des Oberlandesgerichtes Düsseldorf im Prozess gegen Günter Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 1. Oktober 1974"; "Schreiben (Entwurf) an den rheinland-pfälzischen Ministerpräsidenten, Dr. Helmut Kohl, zur Frage des Austauschs von Guillaume, 9. September 1974"; "Urteil des Oberlandesgerichts Düsseldorf in der Strafsache gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume, u. a. wegen Landesverrats, 15. Dezember 1975"; "Vermerk des Bundeskanzleramtes (Bonn) zur Urteilsverkündung im Prozess gegen Günter und Christel Guillaume wegen Landesverrats (Seite 1), 16. Dezember 1975".
[^51]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume," same URL as note 2 ("Im Dezember 1975 wurde Günter Guillaume zu 13, seine Frau Christel zu acht Jahren Haft wegen Landesverrats verurteilt."), with the day from the Geschichtsgalerie caption cited at note 50. [^51]: Bundesarchiv, "Die Affäre Guillaume," same URL as note 2 ("Im Dezember 1975 wurde Günter Guillaume zu 13, seine Frau Christel zu acht Jahren Haft wegen Landesverrats verurteilt."), with the day from the Geschichtsgalerie caption cited at note 50.
[^52]: New York Times, "Bonn Releases Spy in Brandt Case," October 2, 1981, dateline Bonn, Oct. 1, reproduced in CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000202410005-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000202410005-9. The article reports that Guillaume was arrested and sentenced to 13 years in prison for treason in 1975, that West Germany released him in an exchange with East Germany, that the arrangement would allow about 3,000 East Germans to join relatives in West Germany, and that Christel Guillaume, given an eight-year sentence for espionage in 1975, was released in March. [^52]: New York Times, "Bonn Releases Spy in Brandt Case," October 2, 1981, dateline Bonn, Oct. 1, reproduced in CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000202410005-9, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90-00552r000202410005-9. The article reports that Guillaume was arrested and sentenced to 13 years in prison for treason in 1975, that West Germany released him in an exchange with East Germany, that the arrangement would allow about 3,000 East Germans to join relatives in West Germany, and that Christel Guillaume, given an eight-year sentence for espionage in 1975, was released in March.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jack Anderson.md
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@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ President [[Richard Nixon]] tried to smear Anderson as a homosexual, and the [[C
At the [[Senate Watergate Committee]] hearing of May 24, 1973, [[Alfred Baldwin]] identified a group of papers taken from the effects of [[James McCord]] as relating to Jack Anderson, headed "Confidential, subject: Jack Anderson" and signed by McCord. The committee received them in camera as exhibits 15A to 15D and did not publish them.[^9] On June 27, 1973 [[John Dean]] introduced a memorandum from [[Charles Colson]] to Dean, which Dean dated November 17, 1972, concerning information Colson had received from an informer about Anderson. In the memorandum Colson wrote that the informer reported Anderson found in a room with wiretap equipment and a private investigator in connection with the Dodd investigation, and that Anderson and Pearson were paid $100,000 in 1958 by [[Fulgencio Batista]] to write favorable articles. Colson wrote: "You know my personal feelings about Jack Anderson. After his incredibly sloppy and malicious reporting on Eagleton, his credibility has diminished. It now appears as if we have the opportunity to destroy it. Do you agree that we should pursue this actively?"[^10] At the [[Senate Watergate Committee]] hearing of May 24, 1973, [[Alfred Baldwin]] identified a group of papers taken from the effects of [[James McCord]] as relating to Jack Anderson, headed "Confidential, subject: Jack Anderson" and signed by McCord. The committee received them in camera as exhibits 15A to 15D and did not publish them.[^9] On June 27, 1973 [[John Dean]] introduced a memorandum from [[Charles Colson]] to Dean, which Dean dated November 17, 1972, concerning information Colson had received from an informer about Anderson. In the memorandum Colson wrote that the informer reported Anderson found in a room with wiretap equipment and a private investigator in connection with the Dodd investigation, and that Anderson and Pearson were paid $100,000 in 1958 by [[Fulgencio Batista]] to write favorable articles. Colson wrote: "You know my personal feelings about Jack Anderson. After his incredibly sloppy and malicious reporting on Eagleton, his credibility has diminished. It now appears as if we have the opportunity to destroy it. Do you agree that we should pursue this actively?"[^10]
A compilation of CIA domestic operations prepared by the [[CIA Office of Security]] and submitted to the Director in May 1973, known as the [[CIA Family Jewels]], records a surveillance codenamed CELOTEX II. At the direction of the Director of Central Intelligence, the Office of Security conducted surveillance of Anderson and at various times his "legmen," Britt Hume, Leslie Whitten and Joseph Spear, from February 15 to April 12, 1972. An observation post was maintained in the [[Statler Hilton]] hotel directly opposite Anderson's office, to attempt to determine Anderson's sources for highly classified Agency information appearing in his syndicated columns.[^11] The preceding item, CELOTEX I, covered Michael Getler of the Washington Post in 1971 and January 1972.[^11] A compilation of CIA domestic operations prepared by the [[CIA Office of Security]] and submitted to the Director in May 1973, known as the [[CIA Family Jewels]], records a surveillance codenamed CELOTEX II. At the direction of the Director of Central Intelligence, the Office of Security conducted surveillance of Anderson and at various times his "legmen," [[Brit Hume|Britt Hume]], [[Les Whitten|Leslie Whitten]] and [[Joseph Spear]], from February 15 to April 12, 1972. An observation post was maintained in the [[Statler Hilton]] hotel directly opposite Anderson's office, to attempt to determine Anderson's sources for highly classified Agency information appearing in his syndicated columns.[^11] The preceding item, CELOTEX I, covered [[Michael Getler]] of the Washington Post in 1971 and January 1972.[^11]
The same compilation includes a memorandum of September 9, 1972 from [[Richard Helms]] to [[Henry Kissinger]]. It states that after noting that Anderson had a continuing source for classified documents on narcotics, the Agency arranged a trap so that the recipients of CIA Intelligence Memoranda on narcotics could be identified. The memorandum identifies a leak to the press as having come from the [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]].[^12] The same compilation includes a memorandum of September 9, 1972 from [[Richard Helms]] to [[Henry Kissinger]]. It states that after noting that Anderson had a continuing source for classified documents on narcotics, the Agency arranged a trap so that the recipients of CIA Intelligence Memoranda on narcotics could be identified. The memorandum identifies a leak to the press as having come from the [[Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs]].[^12]
@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ On March 18, 1975 Anderson mentioned the [[Hughes Glomar Explorer]], the CIA sal
### FBI files and papers ### FBI files and papers
After Anderson's death, agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] told his family that the Bureau wanted to review his files and to remove any documents it judged classified before they were opened to the public; the request became public in April 2006. The [[Federation of American Scientists]] reported the request.[^28] On April 20, 2006 an FBI assistant director, John Miller, told NPR the bureau wanted access before the archive was made public. NPR reported that FBI agents had told the family that the papers included a document that could bear on a current espionage case involving pro-Israel lobbyists, and that 188 boxes were held by George Washington University.[^29] After Anderson's death, agents of the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] told his family that the Bureau wanted to review his files and to remove any documents it judged classified before they were opened to the public; the request became public in April 2006. The [[Federation of American Scientists]] reported the request.[^28] On April 20, 2006 an FBI assistant director, [[John Miller]], told NPR the bureau wanted access before the archive was made public. NPR reported that FBI agents had told the family that the papers included a document that could bear on a current espionage case involving pro-Israel lobbyists, and that 188 boxes were held by George Washington University.[^29]
When the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] asked under what law the FBI was proceeding, the Bureau replied that it had abandoned its effort. The Associated Press reported that the revelation came in a letter dated November 30, 2006 from Acting Associate Attorney General James H. Clinger to Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], which stated: "At this time, the FBI is not seeking to reclaim any documents." The AP reported that Anderson's son and his biographer said agents had expressed interest in documents that would aid the government's case against two former lobbyists for the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]]. The family then arranged for the papers to go to George Washington University for archiving.[^30][^31][^32] When the [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] asked under what law the FBI was proceeding, the Bureau replied that it had abandoned its effort. The Associated Press reported that the revelation came in a letter dated November 30, 2006 from Acting Associate Attorney General [[James H. Clinger]] to Chairman [[Arlen Specter]], which stated: "At this time, the FBI is not seeking to reclaim any documents." The AP reported that Anderson's son and his biographer said agents had expressed interest in documents that would aid the government's case against two former lobbyists for the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]]. The family then arranged for the papers to go to George Washington University for archiving.[^30][^31][^32]
In 2008 the FBI released its files on Anderson to the [[Associated Press]] under a Freedom of Information Act request, a collection of more than 2,000 heavily redacted documents tracing Hoover's attempts to catch the reporter. Feldstein planned to add the collection to the university's Anderson papers.[^33] In 2008 the FBI released its files on Anderson to the [[Associated Press]] under a Freedom of Information Act request, a collection of more than 2,000 heavily redacted documents tracing Hoover's attempts to catch the reporter. Feldstein planned to add the collection to the university's Anderson papers.[^33]

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacob Coxon.md
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@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ Pirate Wires, in a piece by Hunter Ryerson dated September 24, 2026 and headed "
[^1]: Arjun Kharpal, "Researcher says AI has more than 10% chance of 'killing all humans,'" CNBC, September 9, 2026, updated the same day. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/09/anthropic-researcher-quits-ai-safety.html [^1]: Arjun Kharpal, "Researcher says AI has more than 10% chance of 'killing all humans,'" CNBC, September 9, 2026, updated the same day. https://www.cnbc.com/2026/09/09/anthropic-researcher-quits-ai-safety.html
[^2]: Miriam Waldvogel and Nitasha Tiku, "AI researcher who warned of disaster is now a target of the right," The Washington Post, September 10, 2026 (reprinted by the Anchorage Daily News, September 11, 2026). https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-disaster-is-now-target-right/ and https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-of-disaster-is-now-a-target-of-the-right/ [^2]: Miriam Waldvogel and Nitasha Tiku, "AI researcher who warned of disaster is now a target of the right," The Washington Post, September 10, 2026 (reprinted by the Anchorage Daily News, September 11, 2026). https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-disaster-is-now-target-right/ and https://www.adn.com/nation-world/2026/09/10/ai-researcher-who-warned-of-disaster-is-now-a-target-of-the-right/
[^3]: Hunter Ryerson, "EXCLUSIVE: Jacob Coxon Worked With Doomer PR Firm," Pirate Wires, September 24, 2026. https://www.piratewires.com/p/jacob-coxon-worked-with-ai-doomer-firm [^3]: Hunter Ryerson, "EXCLUSIVE: Jacob Coxon Worked With Doomer PR Firm," Pirate Wires, September 24, 2026. https://www.piratewires.com/p/jacob-coxon-worked-with-ai-doomer-firm
[^4]: "The 169-Million-View Resignation," StartupHub.ai, September 21, 2026. https://www.startuphub.ai/ai-news/artificial-intelligence/2026/the-169-million-view-resignation Sole source for the 18-minute interval. [^4]: "The 169-Million-View Resignation," StartupHub.ai, September 21, 2026. https://www.startuphub.ai/ai-news/artificial-intelligence/2026/the-169-million-view-resignation
[^5]: Thomas Stevenson, "REVEALED: Anthropic whistleblower said he wasn't coordinating with 3rd parties, he's working with an AI 'doomer' PR firm: report," The Post Millennial, September 25, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/revealed-anthropic-whistleblower-said-he-wasnt-coordinating-with-3rd-parties-hes-working-with-an-ai-doomer-pr-firm-report Summary of the Pirate Wires report. [^5]: Thomas Stevenson, "REVEALED: Anthropic whistleblower said he wasn't coordinating with 3rd parties, he's working with an AI 'doomer' PR firm: report," The Post Millennial, September 25, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/revealed-anthropic-whistleblower-said-he-wasnt-coordinating-with-3rd-parties-hes-working-with-an-ai-doomer-pr-firm-report Summary of the Pirate Wires report.
[^6]: "DEY. Comms Firm Tied to Coxon's AI Whistleblower Story," Everything-PR. https://everything-pr.com/dey-jacob-coxon-whistleblower-pr Sole source for Soares's statement and the correction. [^6]: "DEY. Comms Firm Tied to Coxon's AI Whistleblower Story," Everything-PR. https://everything-pr.com/dey-jacob-coxon-whistleblower-pr

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jacques Bergier.md
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@ -43,5 +43,5 @@ In 1963 the Sunday supplement [[This Week]] printed excerpts of the book as "The
[^2]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141. Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017), dates the sixteen-day period from July 25, 1958. [^2]: Pauwels, Louis, and Jacques Bergier. *Le Matin des magiciens*, abridged and annotated university edition prepared by Yvonne Lenard with Monica Faulkner (Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 136-141. Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown and Company, 2017), dates the sixteen-day period from July 25, 1958.
[^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. [^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2.
[^4]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31. [^4]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31.
[^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93.
[^6]: Trud, April 10, 1992, no. 61, FBIS translation, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500610010-5, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500610010-5. [^6]: Trud, April 10, 1992, no. 61, FBIS translation, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500610010-5, https://cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500610010-5.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jake Barber.md
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@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ On January 24, 2025 Barber told Coulthart's "[[Reality Check (NewsNation)|Realit
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Ross Coulthart, "Whistleblower reveals UAP retrieval program; object caught on video" (full special article), NewsNation, updated January 27, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/hfr-uap-recovery-video-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/ . Sole source for the passages so cited, which are Barber's own statements and NewsNation's account of its verification. [^1]: Ross Coulthart, "Whistleblower reveals UAP retrieval program; object caught on video" (full special article), NewsNation, updated January 27, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/hfr-uap-recovery-video-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/ . The passages are Barber's own statements and NewsNation's account of its verification.
[^2]: Michael Ramsey, "Skywatcher video of 'summoned' UFOs coming soon: Ross Coulthart," NewsNation, updated April 7, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/summoned-ufos-video-ross-coulthart/ [^2]: Michael Ramsey, "Skywatcher video of 'summoned' UFOs coming soon: Ross Coulthart," NewsNation, updated April 7, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/summoned-ufos-video-ross-coulthart/
[^3]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's New York Post reporting at second hand; Sole source for the passages so cited. [^3]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025. https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story . Colavito reports Greenstreet's New York Post reporting at second hand;
[^4]: Michael Ramsey, "UFO whistleblower Jake Barber's claims being investigated by Pentagon," NewsNation, updated February 24, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/pentagon-investigates-ufo-claims/ [^4]: Michael Ramsey, "UFO whistleblower Jake Barber's claims being investigated by Pentagon," NewsNation, updated February 24, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/pentagon-investigates-ufo-claims/
[^5]: Ross Coulthart, "UAP recovery video shows 'egg-shaped' object: Exclusive," NewsNation, updated January 18, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/uap-recovery-video-shows-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/ [^5]: Ross Coulthart, "UAP recovery video shows 'egg-shaped' object: Exclusive," NewsNation, updated January 18, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/uap-recovery-video-shows-egg-shaped-object-exclusive/
[^6]: "UAP whistleblower says UFO retrieval program exists: NewsNation exclusive," NewsNation, January 16, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/uap-whistleblower-ufo-retrieval-program/ [^6]: "UAP whistleblower says UFO retrieval program exists: NewsNation exclusive," NewsNation, January 16, 2025. https://www.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/uap-whistleblower-ufo-retrieval-program/
[^7]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that . Sole source for the quotation as dated. [^7]: Jimmy, "Skywatcher: The Disclosure Team That Disappeared - I Tracked Their Helicopter," UAP Files, August 12, 2026. https://uapf.substack.com/p/skywatcher-the-disclosure-team-that .
[^8]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, about August 2026. https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/ [^8]: Ross Coulthart, "Is the Trump administration running a covert UFO program?," NewsNation Reality Check, about August 2026. https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Forrestal.md
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@ -124,5 +124,5 @@ The Eisenhower briefing document, dated November 18, 1952, lists Secretary James
[^5]: "Forrestal Death Leap / Ex-Defense Sec'y Jumps from 16th Story Hospital Window," Associated Press, Washington, May 22 dateline, Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine), May 23, 1949, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/857767711/ [^5]: "Forrestal Death Leap / Ex-Defense Sec'y Jumps from 16th Story Hospital Window," Associated Press, Washington, May 22 dateline, Kennebec Journal (Augusta, Maine), May 23, 1949, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/857767711/
[^6]: "Navy Cleared In Forrestal Death," Associated Press, Washington, Oct. 11 dateline, Cumberland News (Cumberland, Md.), October 12, 1949, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/58094016/ [^6]: "Navy Cleared In Forrestal Death," Associated Press, Washington, Oct. 11 dateline, Cumberland News (Cumberland, Md.), October 12, 1949, p. 1, https://www.newspapers.com/image/58094016/
[^7]: Princeton University Library, "Arnold A. Rogow Papers on James V. Forrestal," MC240, related material note, https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC240 (Wayback snapshot of September 24, 2021), linking http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/finding_aids/willcutts/index [^7]: Princeton University Library, "Arnold A. Rogow Papers on James V. Forrestal," MC240, related material note, https://findingaids.princeton.edu/catalog/MC240 (Wayback snapshot of September 24, 2021), linking http://www.princeton.edu/~mudd/finding_aids/willcutts/index
[^8]: Hugh Turley, "Historians Support Inquiry into the Death of James Forrestal," History News Network, citing the Hyattsville Life and Times, https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/historians-support-inquiry-into-the-death-of-james Turley's article is the sole source for the passages so cited. [^8]: Hugh Turley, "Historians Support Inquiry into the Death of James Forrestal," History News Network, citing the Hyattsville Life and Times, https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/historians-support-inquiry-into-the-death-of-james Turley's article is the
[^9]: Stanton T. Friedman, "Update on Operation Majestic 12 Documents," April 2004, The Black Vault, https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/update-on-operation-majestic-12-documents/ [^9]: Stanton T. Friedman, "Update on Operation Majestic 12 Documents," April 2004, The Black Vault, https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/update-on-operation-majestic-12-documents/

16
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Guerin.md
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@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ relations:
- type: partner_of - type: partner_of
with: "[[Carlos Cardoen]]" with: "[[Carlos Cardoen]]"
start: 1984 start: 1984
role: "agreement to divide the world cluster bomb market, as described by investigator Thomas L. Flannery and reported by Timmerman (sole source)" role: "agreement to divide the world cluster bomb market, as described by investigator Thomas L. Flannery and reported by Timmerman"
fn: 22 fn: 22
--- ---
[[James Guerin]] (died February 10, 2022, aged 91) founded [[International Signal and Control]] (ISC), a defense electronics company in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], in his basement in 1971. The company reported about 600 million dollars in annual revenue by 1987, when it merged into the British defense firm [[Ferranti]]. He was indicted in [[Philadelphia]] in 1991 for fraud and for illegal exports to [[South Africa]], and in 1992 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison.[^1][^2][^3] [[James Guerin]] (died February 10, 2022, aged 91) founded [[International Signal and Control]] (ISC), a defense electronics company in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], in his basement in 1971. The company reported about 600 million dollars in annual revenue by 1987, when it merged into the British defense firm [[Ferranti]]. He was indicted in [[Philadelphia]] in 1991 for fraud and for illegal exports to [[South Africa]], and in 1992 he was sentenced to 15 years in prison.[^1][^2][^3]
@ -133,20 +133,20 @@ Guerin's sentence was trimmed from 15 years to 13 for good conduct. He was sched
[^4]: Glenn Frankel, "British Firm Claims It Was Duped by Pa. Arms Maker," *Washington Post*, September 29, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/29/british-firm-claims-it-was-duped-by-pa-arms-maker/5b675f69-e5e0-4c25-9aee-ced8b8e07efa/. The article places Guerin at 59 and describes the Haig filing as "a filing Haig made when running for president last year." [^4]: Glenn Frankel, "British Firm Claims It Was Duped by Pa. Arms Maker," *Washington Post*, September 29, 1989, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1989/09/29/british-firm-claims-it-was-duped-by-pa-arms-maker/5b675f69-e5e0-4c25-9aee-ced8b8e07efa/. The article places Guerin at 59 and describes the Haig filing as "a filing Haig made when running for president last year."
[^5]: Ministry of Defence letter of 12 September 1989 (B. R. Hawtin, Private Secretary) to Charles Powell, 10 Downing Street, and Powell's reply of 13 September 1989, in Prime Minister's papers on Ferranti (file PO-CH-NL 0500 PART A), Margaret Thatcher Foundation archive, https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200500%20PART%20A.pdf. The letter is marked "secret" and "commercial in confidence/market sensitive." [^5]: Ministry of Defence letter of 12 September 1989 (B. R. Hawtin, Private Secretary) to Charles Powell, 10 Downing Street, and Powell's reply of 13 September 1989, in Prime Minister's papers on Ferranti (file PO-CH-NL 0500 PART A), Margaret Thatcher Foundation archive, https://archive.margaretthatcher.org/HMTPO/PO-CH-NL%200500%20PART%20A.pdf. The letter is marked "secret" and "commercial in confidence/market sensitive."
[^6]: "Ferranti calls in Coopers & Lybrand to investigate ISC contracts," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), September 17, 1989, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=208120. [^6]: "Ferranti calls in Coopers & Lybrand to investigate ISC contracts," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), September 17, 1989, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=208120.
[^7]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. Sole source for the Parent Industries plea and the 4.4 million dollar settlement; the report does not state the date of the plea. [^7]: "Guerin's company pleads guilty to $700m International Signal fraud," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published September 25, 1990, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=222346. The report does not state the date of the plea.
[^8]: "James Guerin has finally admitted fraud and tax evasion," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published December 9, 1991, https://techmonitor.ai/?p=184145. [^8]: "James Guerin has finally admitted fraud and tax evasion," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published December 9, 1991, https://techmonitor.ai/?p=184145.
[^9]: "Ferranti gets losses under control but it will be a long, hard climb out of the pit," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published June 23, 1992, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=184616. [^9]: "Ferranti gets losses under control but it will be a long, hard climb out of the pit," *Computer Business Review* (Tech Monitor), published June 23, 1992, https://www.techmonitor.ai/?p=184616.
[^10]: "Weapons-smuggling plot tied to Pa. executive on trial for trade violations," Knight-Ridder News Service, *Baltimore Sun*, November 10, 1992, https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/11/10/weapons-smuggling-plot-tied-to-pa-executive-on-trial-for-trade-violations/. The defense account is that of Jasin's attorney, Gaar Steiner; the quoted reply is Goldman's. [^10]: "Weapons-smuggling plot tied to Pa. executive on trial for trade violations," Knight-Ridder News Service, *Baltimore Sun*, November 10, 1992, https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/11/10/weapons-smuggling-plot-tied-to-pa-executive-on-trial-for-trade-violations/. The defense account is that of Jasin's attorney, Gaar Steiner; the quoted reply is Goldman's.
[^11]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/ (undated). [^11]: "South African Firms Settle Arms Smuggling Case," Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control, https://www.wisconsinproject.org/south-african-firms-settle-arms-smuggling-case/ (undated).
[^12]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm. [^12]: Department of State, Office of Defense Trade Controls, Public Notice 2522, "Statutory Debarment Under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations," *Federal Register* 62, no. 56 (March 24, 1997), p. 13933, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-03-24/html/97-7273.htm.
[^13]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002) (Greenberg, J.), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json. The opinion gives the 67-count indictment against 19 codefendants, Jasin's positions from July 1984, and the verdict of December 10, 1992 after a five-week trial. It dates the indictment October 30, 1991; the district court's 2002 opinion in note 16 dates it October 31, 1991. [^13]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002) (Greenberg, J.), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json. The opinion gives the 67-count indictment against 19 codefendants, Jasin's positions from July 1984, and the verdict of December 10, 1992 after a five-week trial. It dates the indictment October 30, 1991; the district court's 2002 opinion in note 16 dates it October 31, 1991.
[^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json, citing N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70 for the "Washington approval" testimony. Sole source for the sentencing findings of July 16, 1998. [^14]: *United States v. Jasin*, 25 F. Supp. 2d 551 (E.D. Pa. 1998) (DuBois, J.), No. Crim. 91-602-08, decided August 12, 1998, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/25/cases/0551-01.json, citing N.T. November 24, 1992, at 70 for the "Washington approval" testimony.
[^15]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260. Sole source for Jasin's testimony about meeting CIA agents and for the dismissal of the charges after the 2002 ruling. [^15]: Maurice Possley, "Thomas Jasin," National Registry of Exonerations, posted January 10, 2013, https://exonerationregistry.org/cases/11260.
[^16]: *United States v. Jasin*, 215 F. Supp. 2d 552 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (DuBois, J.), memorandum and order of August 8, 2002, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/215/cases/0552-01.json. The opinion quotes Guerin's letter (Def.'s Ex. 14 at 52), the government's closing (T. Dec. 3, 1992, at 95), the government's 2001 reply, and Shinehouse's testimony (T. Nov. 30, 1992, at 149), and notes that Guerin was named in a separate indictment and pleaded guilty. [^16]: *United States v. Jasin*, 215 F. Supp. 2d 552 (E.D. Pa. 2002) (DuBois, J.), memorandum and order of August 8, 2002, https://static.case.law/f-supp-2d/215/cases/0552-01.json. The opinion quotes Guerin's letter (Def.'s Ex. 14 at 52), the government's closing (T. Dec. 3, 1992, at 95), the government's 2001 reply, and Shinehouse's testimony (T. Nov. 30, 1992, at 149), and notes that Guerin was named in a separate indictment and pleaded guilty.
[^17]: Dan Nephin, *LNP*, February 20, 2022 (see note 3), which states that Shinehouse "led the internal investigation and directed subsequent litigation to help Ferranti recover what money it could." [^17]: Dan Nephin, *LNP*, February 20, 2022 (see note 3), which states that Shinehouse "led the internal investigation and directed subsequent litigation to help Ferranti recover what money it could."
[^18]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json; the opinion cites the August 12, 1999 affirmance, 191 F.3d 446 (table), and the denial of certiorari, 528 U.S. 1139 (2000). [^18]: *United States v. Jasin*, 280 F.3d 355 (3d Cir. 2002), https://static.case.law/f3d/280/cases/0355-01.json; the opinion cites the August 12, 1999 affirmance, 191 F.3d 446 (table), and the denial of certiorari, 528 U.S. 1139 (2000).
[^19]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. Sole source for the April 27, 1992 letter; the article does not say which of the two men the letter's "he had worked in the mid-1970s with U.S. intelligence agencies" describes. [^19]: "Ties to convict could be questioned," *Tampa Bay Times*, December 17, 1993, https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/12/17/ties-to-convict-could-be-questioned/. The article does not say which of the two men the letter's "he had worked in the mid-1970s with U.S. intelligence agencies" describes.
[^20]: "Inman withdraws from nomination," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 19, 1994, https://csmonitor.com/1994/0119/19242.html. [^20]: "Inman withdraws from nomination," *Christian Science Monitor*, January 19, 1994, https://csmonitor.com/1994/0119/19242.html.
[^21]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. Sole source for the claim that Guerin was a CIA agent; the article dates Guerin's sentencing October 31, 1991, which is the date of the indictment announcement in note 1. [^21]: Open Secrets, "Declassified: Apartheid Profits," *Daily Maverick*, October 9, 2017, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-09-declassified-apartheid-profits-american-guns/. The article dates Guerin's sentencing October 31, 1991, which is the date of the indictment announcement in note 1.
[^22]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. Sole source for the Rockeye fuze, the CIA-approval statement, the agreement and the August 2, 1983 Cardoen arrest; the market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery. [^22]: Kenneth R. Timmerman, *The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991), pp. 168 to 169. The market-division quotation is Timmerman's quotation of Thomas L. Flannery.
[^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm. Sole source for the statement about Byrne and ISC. [^23]: Rep. Henry B. Gonzalez, "Update on BNL Investigation," *Congressional Record*, House of Representatives, January 21, 1993, p. H132, https://irp.fas.org/congress/1993_cr/h930121-bnl.htm.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/James Jesus Angleton.md
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@ -139,5 +139,5 @@ He never wrote a memoir. He grew orchids and tied fly-fishing lures and continue
[^4]: Newman, John. *Oswald and the CIA: The Documented Truth About the Unknown Relationship Between the U.S. Government and the Alleged Killer of JFK*. Skyhorse Publishing, 2008 (updated ed.). Church Committee (Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities). Final Report, Book III: "Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans." S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. [^4]: Newman, John. *Oswald and the CIA: The Documented Truth About the Unknown Relationship Between the U.S. Government and the Alleged Killer of JFK*. Skyhorse Publishing, 2008 (updated ed.). Church Committee (Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities). Final Report, Book III: "Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans." S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976.
[^5]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf Robarge cites Tom Mangold's Cold Warrior for the arrangement. [^5]: Robarge, David S. "Getting it Right: CIA Analysis of the 1967 Arab-Israeli War." *Studies in Intelligence* 49, no. 1 (March 2005). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/CIA-Analysis-1967-War.pdf Robarge cites Tom Mangold's Cold Warrior for the arrangement.
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61 [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 61, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, May 25, 1967, with attached CIA appraisal. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d61
[^7]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^7]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote.
[^8]: Church Committee. Final Report, Book II: "Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans." S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Hersh, Seymour M. "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces." *New York Times*, December 22, 1974. Epstein, Edward Jay. *Legend: The Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald*. Reader's Digest Press/McGraw-Hill, 1978. Colby, William, and Peter Forbath. *Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA*. Simon & Schuster, 1978. [^8]: Church Committee. Final Report, Book II: "Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans." S. Rept. 94-755, April 26, 1976. Hersh, Seymour M. "Huge C.I.A. Operation Reported in U.S. Against Antiwar Forces." *New York Times*, December 22, 1974. Epstein, Edward Jay. *Legend: The Secret World of Lee Harvey Oswald*. Reader's Digest Press/McGraw-Hill, 1978. Colby, William, and Peter Forbath. *Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA*. Simon & Schuster, 1978.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Jeremy Corbell.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
---
aliases:
- Jeremy Corbell
- Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell
- Jeremy Corbell (filmmaker)
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- Filmmaker
- InvestigativeFilmmaker
- UAP
- BobLazar
- SkinwalkerRanch
- ExtraordinaryBeliefs
- Weaponized
- GeorgeKnapp
- ImmaculateConstellation
- NavyImagery
- UFOReporting
summary: "Jeremy Corbell is an American filmmaker who directed the 2018 documentary on Bob Lazar and who published leaked Navy UAP imagery in April and May 2021."
location: "Los Angeles, California"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: partner_of
with: "[[George Knapp]]"
start: "2023-01-24"
role: "co-host of the WEAPONIZED podcast, launched by Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment with Corbell and Knapp as its presenters"
fn: 10
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Weaponized (podcast)]]"
start: "2023-01-24"
role: "co-host, per the launch release"
fn: 10
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Hunt for the Skinwalker]]"
start: "2018-09-11"
role: "director and writer, per the film's IMDb listing"
fn: 9
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers]]"
start: "2018-12-04"
role: "director and writer, per the film's IMDb listing"
fn: 4
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Extraordinary Beliefs]]"
role: "presenter of the series, per its IMDb description"
fn: 1
---
Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell is an American filmmaker based in [[Los Angeles]].[^1] He directed the 2018 documentaries [[Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers]] and [[Hunt for the Skinwalker]], presents the [[Extraordinary Beliefs]] series, and co-hosts the [[Weaponized (podcast)|WEAPONIZED]] podcast with [[George Knapp]]. In April and May 2021 he published leaked [[United States Navy]] imagery that the [[Pentagon]] addressed in an April 2021 statement. In May 2022 the chairman of a [[House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] subcommittee named him in an opening statement at a hearing on [[Unidentified Aerial Phenomena]]. In a 2023 paper he described himself as an "American Investigative Journalist."[^2]
### Early work and the Extraordinary Beliefs series
The [[Amazon Prime Video]] profile for Corbell gives his birth date as February 3, 1977, says he was born in Los Angeles, and describes him as a lifelong Jiu-Jitsu practitioner who began the study at age 9 and taught seminars around the world before turning to art and film. The profile describes [[Lost Vegas]] (2014) as his directorial debut. The same profile lists a 2018 credit on the Lazar film under the alternate title "Area 51: Aliens, UFOs, Bob Lazar & Advanced Technology."[^3]
The series Extraordinary Beliefs is listed on [[IMDb]] as a television series. Its description, carried in a video blurb on the IMDb name page for Bob Lazar, reads: "Join CORBELL on his journey to explore the EXTRAORDINARY BELIEFS of enigmatic people deep within the aerospace, military, intelligence, conspiracy, extraterrestrial and underworld communities."[^1] The same blurb says that "Corbell documents ExtraOrdinary individuals and their belief systems," and that his research "has taken him into the worlds of nanotechnology, aerospace exploration, exotic propulsion systems, and the underworld."[^1]
### Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers
The IMDb listing for the film names Corbell as director and writer, with George Knapp and Corbell among the stars alongside [[Bob Lazar]]. It gives a United States release date of December 4, 2018 and credits the production to [[JKLC Productions]].[^4] The film's description says it is narrated by [[Mickey Rourke]].[^4] A [[MovieWeb]] headline of November 14, 2018, indexed on the same IMDb page, announced that Rourke would narrate the film.[^5]
A notice on the [[What Not To Doc]] site announced the film as "Coming to VOD today, Tuesday, December 4," credited the director as "Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell," and gave its premiere as "Ace Hotel LA (December 2018)."[^6]
The reporter [[Daniel Oberhaus]] wrote for [[Vice]] on December 4, 2018 that Lazar "says he has been raided by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] twice." Oberhaus also wrote that Lazar claims to have studied physics at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and worked at the Meson facility at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]], that MIT "has no records of Lazar ever being there," and that Los Alamos "has denied that he was employed there (although journalist George Knapp apparently found a Robert Lazar listed in an internal phone book for Los Alamos)."[^7] He wrote that [[United Nuclear]], Lazar's company, "has run afoul of law enforcement on two other occasions," both involving the transport of explosive materials across state lines.[^7] Oberhaus wrote that the raid described in the film "bookends Corbell's film, which attempts to separate fact from fiction in Lazar's story."[^7]
### The search of United Nuclear
Oberhaus wrote that Lazar claims in the film that United Nuclear "was recently raided by the FBI under the pretense of trying to track the source of some toxic materials." In Oberhaus's account, Lazar said the police response "was huge" and that "The entire office was filled with dozens of authorities from every conceivable branch of law enforcement."[^7] Oberhaus wrote that "The implication, Corbell's film hints, is that the government was trying to spook Lazar back into silence."[^7]
[[The Black Vault]] published a casefile of records on the search on July 1, 2019, updated June 11, 2020.[^8] The casefile dates the search to "the July 19, 2017, search of United Nuclear Scientific."[^8] It reproduces a two-page "Agency Assist" report from the [[Laingsburg Police Department]] in [[Michigan]]. According to the Black Vault's account of the report, the FBI briefed the reporting officer two days before the search, and the stated purpose was a "homicide investigation out of Houghton, MI involving poison." The report's stated scope covered "records and poisons that Lazar does sell," and it says: "The FBI also had a search warrant in case consent was not given." The report describes a [[HAZMAT]] team clearing the building, a surveillance team, and Lazar giving consent.[^8]
The Black Vault wrote that the link to a poisoning death in [[Houghton, Michigan]], is "not directly stated in the report" but can be inferred.[^8] It also wrote that "all records, including the affidavit for the search warrant of United Nuclear are sealed," because the investigation it links to is ongoing.[^8]
### Hunt for the Skinwalker
The IMDb listing for Hunt for the Skinwalker names Corbell as director and writer, with JKLC Productions in the company credits. It gives a publication date of September 11, 2018.[^9] The listing's description says the film is based on the best-selling book by George Knapp and [[Colm Kelleher]], and that it investigates "the confidential, most extensive scientific study of a paranormal hotspot in human history" at [[Skinwalker Ranch]] in Utah.[^9] The description says the study began in 1996 and was "spearheaded by an enigmatic Las Vegas billionaire," and that a second study, "government-funded but confidential," was initiated by the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]].[^9] The same text says Corbell travelled to the property to interview eyewitnesses, including the new owner of the ranch, and to uncover previously unreleased recordings.[^9] The IMDb cast list includes Knapp, Corbell, Kelleher and [[Robert Bigelow]].[^9]
### WEAPONIZED
A press release from [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] and [[Cadence13]] announced that "WEAPONIZED with Jeremy Corbell & George Knapp will launch on January 24, 2023."[^10] The release describes Corbell as "an American contemporary artist and investigative filmmaker with movies on Netflix and Hulu." It quotes Corbell: "The aim of journalism is to reveal that which lies beneath the thin veneer of a society."[^10] The release says that Cadence13, described as an [[Audacy]] company, and Dark Horse Entertainment partner with Corbell and Knapp on the program.[^10]
On April 29, 2025 Corbell and Knapp released Part 1 of an episode titled "[[Immaculate Constellation]] - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public," numbered Episode 74, on a YouTube channel under Corbell's name.[^11]
### The April and May 2021 Navy imagery
On April 6, 2021 Knapp published three photographs on [[Mystery Wire]], which [[The Debrief]] describes as an F/A-18 cockpit image called "Acorn," a "Sphere" and a "Metallic Blimp." The Debrief reports that metadata attached to the Acorn image identified the forward-facing camera of an Apple iPhone 8 and a date of March 4, 2019.[^12]
On April 8, 2021 Corbell published a 42-second night-vision video of a triangular object. The Debrief reported that Corbell said briefing materials described the object as having a three-dimensional "pyramidal" shape. He linked the video to a July 2019 incident involving the [[USS Russell]] off San Diego.[^12] The Black Vault later described Corbell's release as including briefing slides from a classified briefing by the [[Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force]].[^13]
On April 9, 2021 the Pentagon spokesperson [[Susan Gough]] gave the same written statement to The Debrief and to The Black Vault: "I can confirm that the referenced photos and videos were taken by Navy personnel. The UAPTF has included these incidents in their ongoing examinations."[^12][^13] [[John Greenewald]] of The Black Vault wrote that his site had sent the April 8 imagery to the Pentagon that day and received the reply that evening.[^13] The Debrief article by [[Tim McMillan]] was published April 10, 2021.[^12]
Greenewald wrote that he then asked Gough whether the statement covered the leaked briefing-slide photographs, and that she replied: "The only thing that my statement confirms is that the photos and videos in that Mystery Wire article are photos and videos taken by Navy personnel. I have nothing for you on anything else in the article." When he asked about the Omaha encounter, Gough replied: "John, I specifically told you, twice, that I had nothing for you on any thing other than the photos and the video."[^13] The statement Gough then forwarded, which she said she had given to others, included: "As we have said before, to maintain operations security and to avoid disclosing information that may be useful to potential adversaries, DOD does not discuss publicly the details of either the observations or the examinations of reported incursions into our training ranges or designated airspace, including those incursions initially designated as UAP." It also said she was confirming that the cockpit photographs and videos that the Mystery Wire article calls "Sphere," "Acorn" and "Metallic Blimp," and the videos taken with a night-vision device in the Extraordinary Beliefs article, "were taken by Navy personnel," and: "I have nothing for you regarding any other images or depictions in those articles."[^13] Greenewald wrote that the Pentagon had used the word "videos" twice and had never stated that the briefing slides were excluded, and that in his reading the original statement applied to them.[^13]
Corbell's own account of the confirmation came in a May 28, 2021 interview with [[Fox News]]: "The Pentagon did actually confirm that the footage that I obtained and released is authentic Navy footage," he said. He said the footage showed that "our Navy warships were swarmed by 'unidentifieds'" and by UFOs.[^14] The Fox article describes the footage as "reportedly captured from the U.S.S. Omaha in 2019" and the ship as "a littoral combat ship."[^14]
Corbell's May 2021 radar release concerned the [[USS Omaha]]. A 46-second video he posted shows radar of the ship near San Diego, with a voice saying that the objects are "closing in."[^15] The post described "advanced transmedium vehicles" and carried the caption "Filmed in the Combat Information Center of the USS Omaha / July 15th 2019."[^15] The Debrief describes one briefing slide as showing a spherical object, "suspected to be a transmedium vehicle," seen descending into the water.[^12] Greenewald's April 22 article gives the same July 15, 2019 date, with a time between 10:30pm and 11:30pm Pacific off San Diego, for a spherical object encounter involving the Omaha, which he wrote he had "reason to believe" occurred.[^13]
### The May 2022 House intelligence hearing
On May 17, 2022 the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation held an open hearing, "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," with [[Ronald Moultrie]], Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security, and [[Scott Bray]], Deputy Director of Naval Intelligence. In his opening statement the chairman, [[Andre Carson]], said that "civil society groups like the Mutual UFO Network, Mr. Corbell, and others have been collecting data on this issue for years."[^16]
Bray showed a video in which "U.S. Navy personnel recorded what appears to be triangles, some flashing, recorded several years ago off the coast of the United States," taken "through night vision goggles with a single-lens reflex camera." He said these "remained unresolved for several years," and that after a later encounter off a different coast "we are now reasonably confident that these triangles correlate to unmanned aerial systems in the area. The triangular appearance is a result of light passing through the night vision goggles and then being recorded by an SLR camera."[^16] Bray named no ship or date in these remarks. Corbell's April 8 video was described by The Debrief as a night-vision video of a triangular object that Corbell linked to the USS Russell in July 2019.[^12] Of a different clip, an F/A-18 cockpit view of a spherical object, Bray said: "I do not have an explanation for what this specific object is."[^16]
### The July 2023 hearing and the Congressional Record
On July 26, 2023 the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs held the hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," with [[David Fravor]], [[Ryan Graves]] and [[David Grusch]] as witnesses.[^17] [[Tim Burchett]] told the hearing: "Also, I know I saw out in the crowd there George Knapp, my buddy, Jeremy Corbell. They are not witnesses, but they have provided some statements on this subject." He asked: "I seek unanimous consent to enter those statements into the record, Mr. Chairman." The record gives the chair's response as "Without objection."[^17] The printed index lists a "Report, Jeremy Corbell, 'The UAP Puzzle'; submitted by Rep. Burchett."[^17]
The paper, subtitled "Anthropocentrism & Avoiding Strategic Surprise," is credited to "Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell, American Investigative Journalist" and runs six pages. It opens: "UFOs are real." Its first page says: "As I write these words, the UFO issue is emerging as a major topic of global importance." Later it states that "UAP are witnessed, documented and often captured on corroborative multi-platform defense sensors."[^2] The paper places its writing in "this year of 2023."[^2]
On January 10, 2024 [[TMZ]] reported that "Grusch tells filmmaker and journalist Jeremy Corbell that despite pushback, he has no regrets over his testimony in D.C." The article is headed "TMZ Presents: UFO Revolution," described as a three-part event.[^18]
### The September 2025 hearing
Corbell was not a witness at the September 9, 2025 hearing of the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]], chaired by [[Anna Paulina Luna]], titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." The witness list names Jeffrey Nuccetelli, Alexandro Wiggins, George Knapp, Dylan Borland and, for the minority, Joe Spielberger of the [[Project On Government Oversight]].[^19]
The hearing record refers to Corbell in two exchanges, both in remarks by other speakers. Knapp testified: "Jeremy Corbell and I talked about it in one of our episodes a while back," in reference to an MQ-9 video of an object off Yemen that [[Eric Burlison]] had played.[^19] [[Nancy Mace]] told Knapp: "You and Jeremy have done a terrific job." The transcript gives only the first name.[^19]
### Copyright and court records
The [[United States Copyright Office]] public catalog lists "Table Twenty," a sound recording registered May 11, 1995 (SR0000198913, first published April 12, 1995), with "Corbell, Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer, 1977-" and three co-authors as claimants.[^20] It lists "The ANONYMOUS Interview," an unpublished motion picture created in 2013 and registered April 14, 2014 (PAu003718389), with Jeremy Corbell as author and claimant and the rights-and-permissions entry "CHD2, LLC."[^20] A 2025 episode of "Shane Smith Has Questions" with Corbell as guest ("What the U.S. Military Knows About UFOs ft. Jeremy Corbell," published August 28, 2025) is registered by [[Vice Media]] Acquisition LLC (PA0002578156, registered January 25, 2026).[^20]
The catalog records two security-interest documents that list "Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers" among their titles. A supplement to a copyright security agreement executed March 7, 2022 and recorded March 16, 2022 (V15006D305, 69 titles) names [[Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment]], [[Crackle Plus]] and affiliates as first parties and [[MidCap Funding IV Trust]] as second party. A termination of the agreement executed August 11, 2022 and recorded August 25, 2022 (V15009D331, 1,472 titles) names MidCap as first party and Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment as second party.[^21] The catalog holds no registration for Hunt for the Skinwalker as a film. It lists the book of that title (TX0006340176, registered April 27, 2006, first published November 15, 2005) with Colm Kelleher and George Knapp as claimants.[^22]
A federal docket in the [[United States District Court for the Central District of California]], "Jeremy Corbell v. GAIAM, Inc.," No. 2:10-cv-05259, was filed July 16, 2010 and terminated August 25, 2010. The complaint, a trademark suit, describes the plaintiff as an artist, martial artist, yoga and massage professional residing in Los Angeles County and founder and president of Warrior Yoga, and names as defendants [[Gaiam]] and [[Trudie Styler]] over the video "Trudie Styler's Warrior Yoga." The Amazon profile of the filmmaker describes a Jiu-Jitsu background and seminar teaching in Los Angeles. The name and the Los Angeles martial-arts background match the filmmaker's.[^23]
### Footnotes
[^1]: IMDb name page for Bob Lazar (nm1331678), Internet Archive snapshot of June 26, 2019, containing the video blurb for Extraordinary Beliefs ("Join CORBELL on his journey..."), the statement that Corbell is "based in Los Angeles California," and the "(TV Series)" credit for Extraordinary Beliefs. https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181058/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1331678/
[^2]: Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell, "The UAP Puzzle: Anthropocentrism & Avoiding Strategic Surprise," six-page paper, credited "American Investigative Journalist," submitted into the record of the July 26, 2023 hearing by Rep. Tim Burchett. Copy hosted by Fox News. https://static.foxnews.com/foxnews.com/content/uploads/2023/07/Jeremy_Corbell__Congressional_Record_Submission.pdf
[^3]: Amazon Prime Video, person profile for Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell (biography, born February 3, 1977, martial arts background; filmography listing "Area 51: Aliens, UFOs, Bob Lazar & Advanced Technology," 2018). https://www.primevideo.com/person/Jeremy-Kenyon-Lockyer-Corbell/amzn1.dv.gti.fc7a774d-6bcc-4c02-b16a-e4ebe2f0d46e/
[^4]: IMDb title page for Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers (tt9107368), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019: director and writer Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell; stars Bob Lazar, George Knapp, Corbell; release date "4 December 2018 (USA)"; company credit JKLC Productions; description naming Mickey Rourke as narrator. https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9107368/
[^5]: MovieWeb, "Mickey Rourke To Narrate Controversial Bob Lazar Area 51 Documentary (Exclusive)," 14 November 2018, as indexed in the related-news list of the IMDb name page for Bob Lazar (see note 1). https://web.archive.org/web/20190626181058/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1331678/
[^6]: What Not To Doc, "On VOD: Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers," December 4, 2018. https://whatnottodoc.com/2018/12/04/on-vod-bob-lazar-area-51-flying-saucers/
[^7]: Daniel Oberhaus, "UFO Technician Bob Lazar Speaks," Vice, December 4, 2018, 3:45pm. https://www.vice.com/en/article/ufo-technician-bob-lazar-speaks/
[^8]: The Black Vault, "Documents on 2017 Bob Lazar United Nuclear Raid, Laingsburg Police Department" (article first published July 1, 2019, updated June 11, 2020), reproducing a two-page Laingsburg, Michigan Police Department "Agency Assist" report and describing the search warrant and sealed affidavit. https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/documents-on-2017-bob-lazar-united-nuclear-raid-laingsburg-police-department/
[^9]: IMDb title page for Hunt for the Skinwalker (tt8399718), Internet Archive snapshot of 2019: director and writer Jeremy Kenyon Lockyer Corbell; company credit JKLC Productions; datePublished 2018-09-11; promotional description (based on the book by George Knapp and Dr. Colm Kelleher; "Releasing on 9/11/18"); cast list including Knapp, Corbell, Kelleher. https://web.archive.org/web/2019/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8399718/
[^10]: Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment, "Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment Launch 'WEAPONIZED' Podcast," press release, with the launch date of January 24, 2023. https://www.darkhorse.com/newsfeed/cadence13-and-dark-horse-entertainment-launch-weap/
[^11]: Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public : PART 1 : WEAPONIZED : Episode #74," YouTube, uploaded April 29, 2025. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAxI-LDrDqA
[^12]: Tim McMillan, "Pentagon Confirms Leaked UFO Images Are Authentic," The Debrief, April 10, 2021. Describes the Acorn, Sphere and Metallic Blimp images (published by Knapp April 6, 2021), the 42-second pyramid video (published by Corbell April 8, 2021), the briefing slide describing a spherical object "suspected to be a transmedium vehicle" (USS Omaha), and Gough's statement. https://thedebrief.org/pentagon-confirms-leaked-ufo-images-are-authentic/
[^13]: John Greenewald, "Confusion Surrounds Leaked UFO Images; Pentagon Declines to Comment," The Black Vault, April 22, 2021. Gives the timeline of April 6, 8, 9 and 21, quotes Gough's April 9 and April 21 replies and the statement she forwarded, and gives the July 15, 2019 Omaha date. https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/confusion-surrounds-leaked-ufo-images-pentagon-declines-to-comment/
[^14]: Charles Creitz, Fox News, May 28, 2021, 6:20pm EDT, "Leaked footage of UFO 'harassing' US warship is 'authentic': Jeremy Corbell." Contains Corbell's statements on the Pentagon confirmation. https://www.foxnews.com/media/leaked-footage-ufo-harassing-us-warship-authentic.amp
[^15]: Brenda Argueta, ClickOrlando, May 29, 2021, "Filmmaker releases 2019 radar footage alleging navy ship swarmed by UFOs off California coast." Quotes Corbell's post, which the article says carried "advanced transmedium vehicles" and "Filmed in the Combat Information Center of the USS Omaha / July 15th 2019." https://clickorlando.com/news/local/2021/05/29/filmmaker-releases-2019-radar-footage-alleging-navy-ship-swarmed-by-ufos-off-california-coast
[^16]: U.S. House of Representatives, Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation, hearing "Unidentified Aerial Phenomena," May 17, 2022, open transcript (Carson opening statement; Bray remarks). https://docs.house.gov/meetings/IG/IG05/20220517/114761/HHRG-117-IG05-Transcript-20220517.pdf
[^17]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, printed record CHRG-118hhrg53022 (index entry for "Report, Jeremy Corbell, 'The UAP Puzzle'"; Burchett's remarks and unanimous-consent request). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
[^18]: TMZ Staff, "UFO Whistleblower David Grusch Reveals Aftermath of Bombshell Testimony," TMZ, January 10, 2024, 12:30am PST. https://www.tmz.com/2024/01/10/ufo-whistleblower-david-grusch-aftermath-bombshell-claims/
[^19]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, printed record CHRG-119hhrg61718 (witness list; Knapp's and Mace's remarks referring to Corbell). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119hhrg61718/html/CHRG-119hhrg61718.htm
[^20]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registrations SR0000198913 (Table Twenty), PAu003718389 (The ANONYMOUS Interview) and PA0002578156 (Shane Smith Has Questions, episode 29). https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/
[^21]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, recordations V15006D305 (recorded 2022-03-16, "1000 Days in Space & 68 other titles," Supplement to Copyright Security Agreement) and V15009D331 (recorded 2022-08-25, "10 Rules for Sleeping Around & 1471 other titles," Termination of Copyright Security Agreement), each listing "Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers." https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/
[^22]: U.S. Copyright Office Public Records System, registration TX0006340176, "Hunt for the skinwalker," claimants Colm A. Kelleher and George Knapp. https://publicrecords.copyright.gov/
[^23]: Corbell v. GAIAM, Inc., No. 2:10-cv-05259-PSG-SS (C.D. Cal. filed July 16, 2010), Docket 1 (complaint, p. 2, paragraphs 1 to 3) and docket sheet. https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/12676243/jeremy-corbell-v-gaiam-inc/

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@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ The writer S. Dovey described the CCL as a support group for pedophiles in the 1
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It describes Doucé as a Belgian priest arrested and convicted in the 1990s of possessing and distributing child pornography; he was a Protestant pastor, and he was abducted and killed in 1990 without having been tried. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It describes Doucé as a Belgian priest arrested and convicted in the 1990s of possessing and distributing child pornography; he was a Protestant pastor, and he was abducted and killed in 1990 without having been tried.
[^2]: "L'affaire Doucé: un pasteur défenseur des homosexuels éliminé." *Le Monde,* August 10, 2006; translated from the French. https://www.lemonde.fr/ete-2007/article/2006/08/10/l-affaire-douce-un-pasteur-defenseur-des-homosexuels-elimine_802544_781732.html [^2]: "L'affaire Doucé: un pasteur défenseur des homosexuels éliminé." *Le Monde,* August 10, 2006; translated from the French. https://www.lemonde.fr/ete-2007/article/2006/08/10/l-affaire-douce-un-pasteur-defenseur-des-homosexuels-elimine_802544_781732.html

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Kit Green.md
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@ -139,14 +139,14 @@ An April 15, 1993 transcript of a call between [[Ronald Pandolfi]] and [[C. B. S
[^3]: Cook, Nick. "The Light Beyond The Mountains (Chapter 22: UFO Medico)." *Rogue Icons*, January 6, 2025, https://nickcook.substack.com/p/the-light-beyond-the-mountains-500. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. [^3]: Cook, Nick. "The Light Beyond The Mountains (Chapter 22: UFO Medico)." *Rogue Icons*, January 6, 2025, https://nickcook.substack.com/p/the-light-beyond-the-mountains-500. Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2.
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997. [^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997.
[^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. [^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
[^6]: Green, Christopher Canfield. *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007 (sections: General Motors North American Operations Research and Development Center, 3/85 to 9/93; Research and Development Center, 10/93 to 6/98; Research and Development and Planning, 7/98 to 11/99; Public Policy Center and GM Asia Pacific, 11/99 to 2/03; Central Intelligence Agency, 1969 to March 1985; External Medical/Scientific Boards and Activities). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf The CV's account of his own career; sole source for the passages so cited. [^6]: Green, Christopher Canfield. *Curriculum Vita*, November 20, 2007 (sections: General Motors North American Operations Research and Development Center, 3/85 to 9/93; Research and Development Center, 10/93 to 6/98; Research and Development and Planning, 7/98 to 11/99; Public Policy Center and GM Asia Pacific, 11/99 to 2/03; Central Intelligence Agency, 1969 to March 1985; External Medical/Scientific Boards and Activities). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/DrGreen_Article.pdf The CV's account of his own career;
[^7]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024. [^7]: Lacatski, James T., Kelleher, Colm A., and Knapp, George. *Skinwalkers at the Pentagon: An Insider's Account of the Secret Government UAP Program*. RTMA, 2021. Elizondo, Luis. *IMMINENT: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs*. Morrow, 2024.
[^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Acknowledgments, p. 250. [^8]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Acknowledgments, p. 250.
[^9]: "DoD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims," July 1993, reprinted from *Defense Electronics,* CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. The article gives no CIA affiliation. [^9]: "DoD, Intel Agencies Look at Russian Mind Control Technology, Claims," July 1993, reprinted from *Defense Electronics,* CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150001-5. The article gives no CIA affiliation.
[^10]: National Research Council, Board on Army Science and Technology. *STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century*. Washington: National Academy Press, 1992, appendix of contributors (Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology Group; Study Committee on STAR). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1888/chapter/12 [^10]: National Research Council, Board on Army Science and Technology. *STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century*. Washington: National Academy Press, 1992, appendix of contributors (Biotechnology and Biochemistry Technology Group; Study Committee on STAR). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/1888/chapter/12
[^11]: National Research Council. *Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future*. Washington: National Academies Press, 2012, Appendix A, "Biographic Sketches of Committee Members" (Christopher C. Green). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13480/chapter/9 [^11]: National Research Council. *Human Performance Modification: Review of Worldwide Research with a View to the Future*. Washington: National Academies Press, 2012, Appendix A, "Biographic Sketches of Committee Members" (Christopher C. Green). https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/13480/chapter/9
[^12]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. The "keeper of the weird" and Denny's statements are Pilkington's narration; the "core story" and "paraphrenia" passages are quoted from Green. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^12]: Pilkington, Mark. *Mirage Men.* 2010, chapter "The Man in the White Coat," https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf. The "keeper of the weird" and Denny's statements are Pilkington's narration; the "core story" and "paraphrenia" passages are quoted from Green.
[^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of May 11, 1986 (*Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 242, as quoted in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/), and February and August 1990 (as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," pp. 21 and 66-67, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which does not name the volume; the period is that of *Forbidden Science: Volume Four*). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^13]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of May 11, 1986 (*Forbidden Science: Volume Three,* p. 242, as quoted in Basterfield, Keith, "Jacques Vallee and the 'Secret Onion,'" https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/atp-aka-secret-onion/), and February and August 1990 (as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," pp. 21 and 66-67, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf, which does not name the volume; the period is that of *Forbidden Science: Volume Four*).
[^14]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosure to Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf. [^14]: "Telecon: Ron Pandolphy and Scott Jones," April 15, 1993, enclosure to Farley's letter of April 29, 1995, Clinton Presidential Library, Office of Science and Technology Policy FOIA 01-22, item 46, https://avalonlibrary.net/Grant_Cameron/Clinton_Presidential_Library_collection/OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022/1995%2004%2029_C.%20Richard%20Farley,%20Jr.%20to%20John%20Gibbons%20-%20OSTP%20-%20FOIA%2001%2022%20-%20item%20no%2046.pdf.
[^15]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 75, same collection. [^15]: Farley, C. Richard, Jr., letter to John H. Gibbons, March 29, 1997, OSTP FOIA 01-22, item 75, same collection.
[^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm. Sole source. [^16]: Boylan, Richard J. "UFO/ET-Disclosure Policy Splits Covert Network," *Perceptions,* http://web.archive.org/web/20130831033026/http://www.think-aboutit.com/ufo/aviary.htm.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Leon Brittan.md
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@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ Brittan was among the figures named by Carl Beech ("Nick"), whose false allegati
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023.
[^2]: "Carl Beech: Liar, fraudster and paedophile." BBC News, July 26, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49048972 [^2]: "Carl Beech: Liar, fraudster and paedophile." BBC News, July 26, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-49048972
[^3]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster,* February 2020, Part D.7, para. 72.3. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html [^3]: Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse. *Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse Linked to Westminster,* February 2020, Part D.7, para. 72.3. https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.iicsa.org.uk/reports-recommendations/publications/investigation/westminster/part-d-police-responses-allegations-westminster-child-sexual-abuse/d7-allegations-connected-elm-guest-house.html

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Louis Andre.md
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@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ The session sheets identify the customer only as the DIA Analysis Center.[^2]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. Sole source for the passages so cited (Andre's statements, his initial skepticism, the 113 sessions). [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., memorandum DT-S for Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "SUN STREAK Operational Report - 8808 (U)," February 24, 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7_djvu.txt [^2]: Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C., memorandum DT-S for Deputy Director for Scientific and Technical Intelligence, "SUN STREAK Operational Report - 8808 (U)," February 24, 1988, CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7. https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7/CIA-RDP96-00789R003400980001-7_djvu.txt
[^3]: "8808 WRV Session 1 - 18 Feb 88, Source 079, Summary, Notes & Drawings," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400750002-1; "8808 WRV Session 18 Report - 7 Jul 88, Source 079, Summary & Maps," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400640002-3. Titles as catalogued in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection. [^3]: "8808 WRV Session 1 - 18 Feb 88, Source 079, Summary, Notes & Drawings," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400750002-1; "8808 WRV Session 18 Report - 7 Jul 88, Source 079, Summary & Maps," CIA-RDP96-00789R003400640002-3. Titles as catalogued in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection.
[^4]: Dellafiora's use of written remote viewing: see the [[Angela Dellafiora]] page, citing the same collection. [^4]: Dellafiora's use of written remote viewing: see the [[Angela Dellafiora]] page, citing the same collection.

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Marcos Aguado.md
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@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ Webb's cast of characters lists Aguado as "Currently in San Salvador," and descr
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), section on Marcos Antonio Aguado in the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html [^1]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), section on Marcos Antonio Aguado in the Southern Front chapter, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and the Cast of Characters entry for Aguado. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and the Cast of Characters entry for Aguado.
[^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: The Cartel, Haiti and Central America*, Part 3, hearing of April 7, 1988, testimony of Jorge Morales (pp. 297-300) and the videotaped deposition of Marcos Aguado taken October 31, 1987 (pp. 277-286 as cited in the subcommittee report), https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0005 [^3]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy: The Cartel, Haiti and Central America*, Part 3, hearing of April 7, 1988, testimony of Jorge Morales (pp. 297-300) and the videotaped deposition of Marcos Aguado taken October 31, 1987 (pp. 277-286 as cited in the subcommittee report), https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41152832_0005
[^4]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50-52 and notes 74-84, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^4]: U.S. Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy*, S. Prt. 100-165 (December 1988), pp. 37, 50-52 and notes 74-84, https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter XI, section on the debriefing of George Morales, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch11p1.htm [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter XI, section on the debriefing of George Morales, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch11p1.htm
@ -168,4 +168,4 @@ Webb's cast of characters lists Aguado as "Currently in San Salvador," and descr
[^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Appendix F (glossary of names), https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/appf.htm [^13]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Appendix F (glossary of names), https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/appf.htm
[^14]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), chapter notes to Chapter 13 (notes on "they told me they were CIA agents" and the Morales hearing dates). [^14]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), chapter notes to Chapter 13 (notes on "they told me they were CIA agents" and the Morales hearing dates).
[^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII, "Enrique Miranda-Jaime," sections A-E, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch07.htm [^15]: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII, "Enrique Miranda-Jaime," sections A-E, https://irp.fas.org/agency/doj/oig/c4rpt/ch07.htm
[^16]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. Sole source for the 1992 bomb-case details in this section; the Cali cartel link is Semana's report of an unnamed Salvadoran government source and of the arrested men's statements. [^16]: "¿Bombas contra Escobar?", *Semana*, April 12, 1992, https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/bombas-contra-escobar/17208-3. The Cali cartel link is Semana's report of an unnamed Salvadoran government source and of the arrested men's statements.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Martin Ebon.md
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@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefact
[^17]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography. https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/ [^17]: Skeptical Inquirer, "Martin Ebon," author biography. https://skepticalinquirer.org/authors/martin-ebon/
[^18]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science* (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), contributor note on Martin Ebon. https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC [^18]: John White, ed., *Psychic Exploration: A Challenge for Science* (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1974), contributor note on Martin Ebon. https://books.google.com/books?id=MbbxpH5RCaAC
[^19]: Occult World, "Martin Ebon," biography (captured 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://occult-world.com/martin-ebon/ [^19]: Occult World, "Martin Ebon," biography (captured 2021). https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://occult-world.com/martin-ebon/
[^20]: H. P. Albarelli Jr., *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments* (Walterville, Ore.: Trine Day, 2009), p. 495. Sole source for the passage so cited; the former CIA official is not named. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOdEQAAQBAJ [^20]: H. P. Albarelli Jr., *A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments* (Walterville, Ore.: Trine Day, 2009), p. 495. The former CIA official is not named. https://books.google.com/books?id=rUOdEQAAQBAJ
[^21]: *Tomorrow: Quarterly Review of Psychical Research*, vol. 3, no. 4 (summer 1955), New York: Garrett Publications, editor-publisher Eileen J. Garrett, managing editor Martin Ebon. Eton College Collections, shelfmark Lee.4.12. https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B21120 [^21]: *Tomorrow: Quarterly Review of Psychical Research*, vol. 3, no. 4 (summer 1955), New York: Garrett Publications, editor-publisher Eileen J. Garrett, managing editor Martin Ebon. Eton College Collections, shelfmark Lee.4.12. https://catalogue.etoncollege.com/B21120
[^22]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 4, nos. 1-3 (1956), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ [^22]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 4, nos. 1-3 (1956), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=OHUPAQAAIAAJ
[^23]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 9, nos. 2-3 (1961), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ [^23]: *Tomorrow*, vol. 9, nos. 2-3 (1961), mastheads and statement of ownership. https://books.google.com/books?id=8HAPAQAAIAAJ
@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ John Chambers, translator of Hugo's transcripts, thanks Ebon as mentor, benefact
[^55]: Ebon titles as listed in the references of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, pp. 252-253: *Beyond Time and Space* (New American Library, 1967), *Prophecy in Our Time* (1969), *The Psychic Reader* (1970), *Reincarnation in the Twentieth Century* (1970), *Test Your ESP* (1971), *They Knew the Unknown* (1972), *True Experiences in Communicating With the Dead* (1968), *True Experiences in Exotic ESP* (1968), *Witchcraft Today* (1971), and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971). [^55]: Ebon titles as listed in the references of CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00788R001200230018-6, pp. 252-253: *Beyond Time and Space* (New American Library, 1967), *Prophecy in Our Time* (1969), *The Psychic Reader* (1970), *Reincarnation in the Twentieth Century* (1970), *Test Your ESP* (1971), *They Knew the Unknown* (1972), *True Experiences in Communicating With the Dead* (1968), *True Experiences in Exotic ESP* (1968), *Witchcraft Today* (1971), and *Psychic Discoveries of the Russians* (1971).
[^56]: Harold E. Puthoff, *Psychoenergetics Research in the People's Republic of China (1982)*, final report, Defense Intelligence Agency contract MDA908-82-C-0034 (October 1982), reference list. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400320001-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400320001-8 [^56]: Harold E. Puthoff, *Psychoenergetics Research in the People's Republic of China (1982)*, final report, Defense Intelligence Agency contract MDA908-82-C-0034 (October 1982), reference list. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400320001-8. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000400320001-8
[^57]: Marcello Truzzi, "China's Psychic Savants," *Omni* (1984), corpus copy. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000300420017-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000300420017-1 [^57]: Marcello Truzzi, "China's Psychic Savants," *Omni* (1984), corpus copy. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000300420017-1. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000300420017-1
[^58]: "Parapsychology in the USSR," CIA CREST summary, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, citing Ebon's "Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross" (Appendix 1, reference literature). Sole source for the title and the Tashkent account as given here; publisher not identified in this record. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9 [^58]: "Parapsychology in the USSR," CIA CREST summary, CIA-RDP96-00792R000500210001-9, citing Ebon's "Psi in the USSR: Religion Without a Cross" (Appendix 1, reference literature). Publisher not identified in this record. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000500210001-9
[^59]: *Parapsychology Abstracts International*, 1988, reporting the special issue marking Hans Bender's eightieth birthday (5 February 1987), with a 207-item bibliography compiled by Eberhard Bauer and a list of congratulants that includes Martin Ebon. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000700650003-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000700650003-7 [^59]: *Parapsychology Abstracts International*, 1988, reporting the special issue marking Hans Bender's eightieth birthday (5 February 1987), with a 207-item bibliography compiled by Eberhard Bauer and a list of congratulants that includes Martin Ebon. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00792R000700650003-7. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00792r000700650003-7
[^60]: Defense Intelligence Agency, bibliographic database, "Psychoenergetics (U), Initial Report," 16 November 1990, entry for Ebon, "A history of parapsychology," in *Psychic Exploration*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900060001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900060001-4 [^60]: Defense Intelligence Agency, bibliographic database, "Psychoenergetics (U), Initial Report," 16 November 1990, entry for Ebon, "A history of parapsychology," in *Psychic Exploration*. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R002900060001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r002900060001-4
[^61]: Science Applications International Corporation, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers* (24 June 1991), reference 1 and institutions roster. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4 [^61]: Science Applications International Corporation, *Anomalous Mental Phenomena: Selected Papers* (24 June 1991), reference 1 and institutions roster. CIA CREST, CIA-RDP96-00789R003100030001-4. https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00789r003100030001-4

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Masha Drokova.md
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@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ relations:
fn: 10 fn: 10
- type: subject_of - type: subject_of
with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]" with: "[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]"
role: "named in an FD-1023 confidential human source report of October 19, 2020 (sole source)" role: "named in an FD-1023 confidential human source report of October 19, 2020"
start: 2020-10-19 start: 2020-10-19
fn: 20 fn: 20
created: 2026-10-03 created: 2026-10-03

8
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/McGeorge Bundy.md
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@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ In 1965, after the Long Subcommittee hearings on mail covers raised concern at t
### Ford Foundation ### Ford Foundation
[[John J. McCloy]] offered Bundy the Ford Foundation presidency on November 7, 1965, and Bundy reported the offer to Johnson the next day. A report by Garnett D. Horner in the Washington Star of December 8, 1965 gave the presidency's salary as 75,000 dollars a year, against his White House salary of 28,500 dollars.[^34] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965, Bundy told Johnson that he had asked the Ford trustees to let him accept "on the understanding that I shall always be free to accept any special assignments from you," that [[Julius A. Stratton|Jay Stratton]], McCloy's successor, had agreed in the name of the trustees,[^35] and that he would stay in the White House through February 1966; McCloy, for the foundation, had accepted the delay on November 29.[^36] On November 13, 1965, Johnson asked Under Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]] about "Bill Bundy to succeed his brother."[^37] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported on November 15, 1965 that McCloy, the foundation's chairman, approached Bundy in Washington about succeeding [[Henry T. Heald]] as president beginning January 1.[^38] [[John J. McCloy]] offered Bundy the Ford Foundation presidency on November 7, 1965, and Bundy reported the offer to Johnson the next day. A report by Garnett D. Horner in the Washington Star of December 8, 1965 gave the presidency's salary as 75,000 dollars a year, against his White House salary of 28,500 dollars.[^34] In a memorandum of December 4, 1965, Bundy told Johnson that he had asked the Ford trustees to let him accept "on the understanding that I shall always be free to accept any special assignments from you," that [[Julius A. Stratton|Jay Stratton]], McCloy's successor, had agreed in the name of the trustees,[^35] and that he would stay in the White House through February 1966; McCloy, for the foundation, had accepted the delay on November 29.[^36] On November 13, 1965, Johnson asked Under Secretary of State [[Thomas C. Mann]] about "Bill Bundy to succeed his brother."[^37] The [[Harvard Crimson]] reported on November 15, 1965 that McCloy, the foundation's chairman, approached Bundy in Washington about succeeding [[Henry T. Heald]] as president beginning January 1, and that Stratton, MIT's president, would succeed McCloy as chairman; as a trustee Stratton had been consulted on the selection of presidential candidates and had supported Bundy as the best man for the job.[^38]
In October 1966 the FBI learned that [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] had met with Bundy, "then Director of the Ford Foundation," and had received a tentative offer of a grant for the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]. The FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division decided that if the foundation's officials were briefed on King's advisers "this might preclude any assistance being granted," and Hoover approved a plan to have a former FBI agent, then a vice-president of the [[Ford Motor Company]], approach Bundy. In a memorandum of October 26, 1966, [[Cartha DeLoach]] reported that Bundy had refused to talk with the former agent about King, saying he would only talk with a person having first-hand knowledge; Hoover wrote on the memorandum, "Yes. We would get no where with Bundy."[^39] In October 1966 the FBI learned that [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] had met with Bundy, "then Director of the Ford Foundation," and had received a tentative offer of a grant for the [[Southern Christian Leadership Conference]]. The FBI's Domestic Intelligence Division decided that if the foundation's officials were briefed on King's advisers "this might preclude any assistance being granted," and Hoover approved a plan to have a former FBI agent, then a vice-president of the [[Ford Motor Company]], approach Bundy. In a memorandum of October 26, 1966, [[Cartha DeLoach]] reported that Bundy had refused to talk with the former agent about King, saying he would only talk with a person having first-hand knowledge; Hoover wrote on the memorandum, "Yes. We would get no where with Bundy."[^39]
@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for
[^4]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977. [^4]: Ron Rosenbaum, "The Last Secrets of Skull and Bones," *Esquire*, September 1977.
[^5]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Celebrating a Century: Changing Membership," entry for McGeorge Bundy ("Joined in 1946"), https://www.cfr.org/celebrating-a-century/changing-membership [^5]: Council on Foreign Relations, "Celebrating a Century: Changing Membership," entry for McGeorge Bundy ("Joined in 1946"), https://www.cfr.org/celebrating-a-century/changing-membership
[^6]: Kai Bird, excerpt from *The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms* (Simon & Schuster, 1998), "Open Book: Dean Bundy Deals with McCarthyism," *Harvard Magazine*, https://www.harvardmagazine.com/so98/browse.open2.html [^6]: Kai Bird, excerpt from *The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms* (Simon & Schuster, 1998), "Open Book: Dean Bundy Deals with McCarthyism," *Harvard Magazine*, https://www.harvardmagazine.com/so98/browse.open2.html
[^7]: Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, "Harvard's Troubled History with Free Association, Part 2" (summarizing Sigmund Diamond's 1977 and Robert Bellah's accounts in *The New York Review of Books*, including the Bellah quotations, and Leon Kamin's account), https://www.fire.org/harvards-troubled-history-with-free-association-part-2/ Sole source for the Diamond, Bellah and Kamin accounts so cited. [^7]: Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, "Harvard's Troubled History with Free Association, Part 2" (summarizing Sigmund Diamond's 1977 and Robert Bellah's accounts in *The New York Review of Books*, including the Bellah quotations, and Leon Kamin's account), https://www.fire.org/harvards-troubled-history-with-free-association-part-2/
[^8]: Memorandum No. 1 from the Cuba Study Group to President Kennedy, "Narrative of the Anti-Castro Cuban Operation Zapata," June 13, 1961, paragraph 43 and footnote on the Special Group, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 231, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d231 [^8]: Memorandum No. 1 from the Cuba Study Group to President Kennedy, "Narrative of the Anti-Castro Cuban Operation Zapata," June 13, 1961, paragraph 43 and footnote on the Special Group, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. X, doc. 231, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d231
[^9]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), Part II, sections on the National Security Council and the Special Group (chairmanship 1961 to 1966; NSAM 124; Special Group (Augmented)), and the section on maintaining a covert capability quoting Bundy's House Select Committee on Intelligence testimony of December 10, 1975, Hearings, vol. 5, pp. 1794-1795, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf [^9]: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *Final Report*, Book I, *Foreign and Military Intelligence*, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), Part II, sections on the National Security Council and the Special Group (chairmanship 1961 to 1966; NSAM 124; Special Group (Augmented)), and the section on maintaining a covert capability quoting Bundy's House Select Committee on Intelligence testimony of December 10, 1975, Hearings, vol. 5, pp. 1794-1795, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_I.pdf
[^10]: Paper prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency, "Coordination and Policy Approval of Covert Operations," February 23, 1967 (Appendix C to the report of the Katzenbach Committee), paragraph A.7, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 263, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d263 [^10]: Paper prepared by the Central Intelligence Agency, "Coordination and Policy Approval of Covert Operations," February 23, 1967 (Appendix C to the report of the Katzenbach Committee), paragraph A.7, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 263, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d263
@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for
[^21]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 119 (Bundy testimony of July 11, 1975, pp. 41, 54, 63; Bissell testimony), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf [^21]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 119 (Bundy testimony of July 11, 1975, pp. 41, 54, 63; Bissell testimony), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
[^22]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 121 (Bissell testimony of July 22, 1975, p. 32), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf [^22]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), p. 121 (Bissell testimony of July 22, 1975, p. 32), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
[^23]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), pp. 182 to 183, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf [^23]: Senate Select Committee, *Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders*, S. Rept. 94-465 (1975), pp. 182 to 183, https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94465.pdf
[^24]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 8. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^24]: Seymour M. Hersh, *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy* (Random House, 1991), ch. 8.
[^25]: Robert W. Komer, recorded interview by Dennis J. O'Brien, December 22, 1969, JFK #5, pp. 38 to 39 (Feldman as minorities adviser; Bundy "played it square"), p. 81 (intelligence clearances), p. 82 (communicating with the Jewish community), John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkoh-rowk-05 [^25]: Robert W. Komer, recorded interview by Dennis J. O'Brien, December 22, 1969, JFK #5, pp. 38 to 39 (Feldman as minorities adviser; Bundy "played it square"), p. 81 (intelligence clearances), p. 82 (communicating with the Jewish community), John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Program, https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/jfkoh-rowk-05
[^26]: Editorial note on the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 7, 1967, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 178, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d178 [^26]: Editorial note on the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 7, 1967, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 178, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d178
[^27]: National Security Action Memorandum No. 273, November 26, 1963, with editorial note on the Bundy draft and Hilsman's reply of November 23, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 331, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d331 [^27]: National Security Action Memorandum No. 273, November 26, 1963, with editorial note on the Bundy draft and Hilsman's reply of November 23, *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963*, vol. IV, doc. 331, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d331
@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ William P. Bundy, McGeorge Bundy's brother, was Assistant Secretary of State for
[^37]: Memorandum of telephone conversation between President Johnson and Under Secretary of State Mann, November 13, 1965, 12:15 p.m., *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 157, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d157 [^37]: Memorandum of telephone conversation between President Johnson and Under Secretary of State Mann, November 13, 1965, 12:15 p.m., *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 157, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d157
[^38]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *The Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts/ [^38]: "Bundy, Bell Up for Key Posts," *The Harvard Crimson*, November 15, 1965, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1965/11/15/bundy-bell-up-for-key-posts/
[^39]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 178 (October 1966 FBI plan concerning a Ford Foundation grant to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; DeLoach memorandum of October 26, 1966), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf [^39]: Senate Select Committee, *Final Report*, Book III, S. Rept. 94-755 (1976), p. 178 (October 1966 FBI plan concerning a Ford Foundation grant to the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; DeLoach memorandum of October 26, 1966), https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_III.pdf
[^40]: Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), p. 15 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf [^40]: Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports (2021), p. 16 and note 67, citing Bundy to Julius A. Stratton, chair of the Board of Trustees, September 23, 1966 (Rockefeller Archive Center, Francis X. Sutton Papers, FA1141, Box 50, Folder 465). https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^41]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf [^41]: Ford Foundation, "Annual Report 1966" (fiscal year ended September 30, 1966), International Affairs section, p. 34. https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1966-annual-report.pdf
[^42]: Memorandum from Gordon Chase to Bundy, "World Disarmament Conference," November 20, 1965, footnote identifying "your brother William Bundy, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 373, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d373 [^42]: Memorandum from Gordon Chase to Bundy, "World Disarmament Conference," November 20, 1965, footnote identifying "your brother William Bundy, Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs," *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968*, vol. XXXIII, doc. 373, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v33/d373
[^43]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189 [^43]: William P. Bundy Papers (MC189), Biography/History, Public Policy Papers, Princeton University Library, https://findingaids.library.upenn.edu/records/PRIN_MUDD_MC189

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10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Menachem Begin.md
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@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ Hersh wrote that in March 1979 President [[Jimmy Carter]] decided to give Israel
The House October Surprise Task Force report of January 3, 1993 records the American-side documents on Israeli arms offers to Iran. On April 13, 1980 a high-level Israeli official told Carter in Washington that Israel had contacts in Iran that could help with the hostages if it were allowed to sell certain military equipment; Carter rejected the offer and obtained an assurance that Israel would observe the embargo, with Israel to advise the United States before changing its policy. On October 22, 1980 the Israelis told Ambassador Lewis that a deal for 200 tires for F-4 aircraft had been negotiated, and the State Department instructed the embassy to convey a message to Begin that the American government "recognize[d] the long-term significance" of an Israeli relationship with Iran but that Western allies prohibited exports to Iran while hostages were held. The Israeli government's own report to the task force stated that Begin raised the arms question with Carter and Secretary of State [[Edmund Muskie]] during his visit to the United States in November 1980, stressing that deliveries might help release the hostages, and that on November 21, 1980 he ordered that arms would not be supplied directly or indirectly to Iran until the hostages were released. On February 4, 1981 Begin told Lewis that future deliveries would use only Israeli equipment without United States components.[^11] The House October Surprise Task Force report of January 3, 1993 records the American-side documents on Israeli arms offers to Iran. On April 13, 1980 a high-level Israeli official told Carter in Washington that Israel had contacts in Iran that could help with the hostages if it were allowed to sell certain military equipment; Carter rejected the offer and obtained an assurance that Israel would observe the embargo, with Israel to advise the United States before changing its policy. On October 22, 1980 the Israelis told Ambassador Lewis that a deal for 200 tires for F-4 aircraft had been negotiated, and the State Department instructed the embassy to convey a message to Begin that the American government "recognize[d] the long-term significance" of an Israeli relationship with Iran but that Western allies prohibited exports to Iran while hostages were held. The Israeli government's own report to the task force stated that Begin raised the arms question with Carter and Secretary of State [[Edmund Muskie]] during his visit to the United States in November 1980, stressing that deliveries might help release the hostages, and that on November 21, 1980 he ordered that arms would not be supplied directly or indirectly to Iran until the hostages were released. On February 4, 1981 Begin told Lewis that future deliveries would use only Israeli equipment without United States components.[^11]
Ben-Menashe's account differs. He wrote that Begin sent the emissary Ruth Ben-David, an old friend of the Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], to him in Paris in December 1978; that in April 1980 Begin gave "the green light for the sale to Iran of non-American military equipment," tires rather than technical parts, after which Carter telephoned Begin on April 27 to complain; that in September 1980 Begin sent Ben-David to Tehran to seek release of the hostages in exchange for Israeli arms guarantees; that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's acting director [[Nachum Admoni]] to create the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]; and that Begin "had secretly reached in principle" a cooperation agreement with [[William J. Casey]] in August 1980.[^12] Ben-Menashe is the sole source for these passages. The House task force wrote that credible testimony and documents showed Ben-Menashe "to be totally lacking in credibility" on the Casey and Karrubi meetings, that [[Rafael Eitan]] and Saguy told the Israeli government they had never met him, and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990 on charges of conspiring to sell Israeli-owned C-130 aircraft to Iran.[^13] The Mossad's own list of directors gives Yitzhak Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982.[^14] Ben-Menashe's account differs. He wrote that Begin sent the emissary Ruth Ben-David, an old friend of the Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]], to him in Paris in December 1978; that in April 1980 Begin gave "the green light for the sale to Iran of non-American military equipment," tires rather than technical parts, after which Carter telephoned Begin on April 27 to complain; that in September 1980 Begin sent Ben-David to Tehran to seek release of the hostages in exchange for Israeli arms guarantees; that in the fall of 1980 Begin ordered the military intelligence chief [[Yehoshua Sagi]] and the Mossad's acting director [[Nachum Admoni]] to create the [[Iran-Israel Joint Committee]]; and that Begin "had secretly reached in principle" a cooperation agreement with [[William J. Casey]] in August 1980.[^12] The House task force wrote that credible testimony and documents showed Ben-Menashe "to be totally lacking in credibility" on the Casey and Karrubi meetings, that [[Rafael Eitan]] and Saguy told the Israeli government they had never met him, and that his Israeli military file showed work as a translator; Ben-Menashe was acquitted in New York in November 1990 on charges of conspiring to sell Israeli-owned C-130 aircraft to Iran.[^13] The Mossad's own list of directors gives Yitzhak Hofi as head from 1974 to 1982 and Admoni from 1982.[^14]
### Osirak ### Osirak

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Abbell.md
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@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ relations:
- type: employed_by - type: employed_by
with: "[[Department of Justice]]" with: "[[Department of Justice]]"
start: 1973 start: 1973
role: "staff assistant to an assistant attorney general; director, Office of International Affairs, Criminal Division, 1979-1982 (sole source: Seymour)" role: "staff assistant to an assistant attorney general; director, Office of International Affairs, Criminal Division, 1979-1982, per Seymour"
fn: 1 fn: 1
- type: partner_of - type: partner_of
with: "[[Bruno Ristau]]" with: "[[Bruno Ristau]]"
@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ According to Seymour, the last lead [[Danny Casolaro]] pursued before his death
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the Justice Department career dates, the Kaplan firm and Riconosciuto's claims. [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
[^2]: *United States v. Abbell,* 271 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2001). https://openjurist.org/271/f3d/1286 [^2]: *United States v. Abbell,* 271 F.3d 1286 (11th Cir. 2001). https://openjurist.org/271/f3d/1286
[^3]: *United States v. Abbell,* 963 F. Supp. 1178 (S.D. Fla. 1997), order denying motions to suppress. https://openjurist.org/963/fsupp/1178 [^3]: *United States v. Abbell,* 963 F. Supp. 1178 (S.D. Fla. 1997), order denying motions to suppress. https://openjurist.org/963/fsupp/1178

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Michael Aquino.md
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@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ A.B.H. Alexander, writing in *PROBE* around 1996, alleged that Aquino took part
[^1]: Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1987. [^1]: Los Angeles Times, August 11, 1987.
[^2]: Aquino vitae and published works at rachane.org. [^2]: Aquino vitae and published works at rachane.org.
[^3]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^3]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). Undated passage. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^4]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996; Kenn Thomas and Len Bracken, "The Finders' Keeper," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998. [^4]: A.B.H. Alexander, "Sex, Drugs, the CIA, MIND CONTROL and Your Children," PROBE, c. 1996; Kenn Thomas and Len Bracken, "The Finders' Keeper," Steamshovel Press #16, 1998.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Moshe Dayan.md
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@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Despite his military prowess and diplomatic involvement, Dayan's perspective on
[^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015). [^2]: Ben-Menashe, Ari. _Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network_. Sheridan Square Press, 1992 (TrineDay reprint, 2015).
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3. [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991. Chapter 3.
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326
[^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 14, p. 185, footnote.
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284 [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284
[^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 317, Intelligence Memorandum, June 21, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d317 [^7]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 317, Intelligence Memorandum, June 21, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d317
[^8]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 307, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office in Israel to the White House, June 18, 1967, "Israeli Court of Inquiry in USS Liberty incident." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d307 [^8]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 307, Telegram from the Defense Attache Office in Israel to the White House, June 18, 1967, "Israeli Court of Inquiry in USS Liberty incident." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d307

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Nick Beckstead.md
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@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ His website lists, after the Future Fund, a period as policy lead at the [[Cente
[^3]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," grant page, award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel. Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/ [^3]: Open Philanthropy, "Effective Altruism Foundation: Research and Operations," grant page, award date July 2019, grant investigators Nick Beckstead and Claire Zabel. Archived 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/2022id_/https://www.openphilanthropy.org/grants/effective-altruism-foundation-research-and-operations/
[^4]: Nick Beckstead, "Guidelines for Discussing Longtermism and Existential Risks," last updated July 3, 2019. Copy hosted on simonknutsson.com, Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030163925id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/Beckstead-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Longtermism-and-Existential-Risks-1.6.pdf [^4]: Nick Beckstead, "Guidelines for Discussing Longtermism and Existential Risks," last updated July 3, 2019. Copy hosted on simonknutsson.com, Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030163925id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/Beckstead-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Longtermism-and-Existential-Risks-1.6.pdf
[^5]: Effective Altruism Foundation and Foundational Research Institute (Jonas Vollmer, Stefan Torges, Lukas Gloor, David Althaus), "EAF's Guidelines for Discussing Astronomical Stakes (shared)," first written March 2019, last updated September 10, 2019. Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030171253id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/EAFs-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Astronomical-Stakes-2019-10-12.pdf [^5]: Effective Altruism Foundation and Foundational Research Institute (Jonas Vollmer, Stefan Torges, Lukas Gloor, David Althaus), "EAF's Guidelines for Discussing Astronomical Stakes (shared)," first written March 2019, last updated September 10, 2019. Wayback capture of October 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221030171253id_/https://www.simonknutsson.com/files/EAFs-Guidelines-for-Discussing-Astronomical-Stakes-2019-10-12.pdf
[^6]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022; and "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ and https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project Sole source for Knutsson's account; he did not publish the replies he received. [^6]: Simon Knutsson, "Problems in effective altruism and existential risk and what to do about them," simonknutsson.com, published October 16, 2019, last updated July 1, 2022; and "E-mail exchange with the Open Philanthropy Project," November 10, 2019. https://www.simonknutsson.com/problems-in-effective-altruism-and-existential-risk-and-what-to-do-about-them/ and https://www.simonknutsson.com/e-mail-exchange-with-the-open-philanthropy-project He did not publish the replies he received.
[^7]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda [^7]: David Morris, "'AI Safety' Research Is a Hallucination," Zero Knowledge, October 8, 2026. https://www.zero-knowledge.com/blog/ai-safety-research-techno-utopian-propaganda
[^8]: FTX Recovery Trust's Motion for Reconsideration or to Modify Order Allowing Rheingans-Yoo's FDU Claim, *In re FTX Trading Ltd.*, No. 22-11068 (KBO) (Bankr. D. Del. July 23, 2025), D.I. 31846, paras. 1-2, 7-10. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.deb.188450/gov.uscourts.deb.188450.31846.0.pdf [^8]: FTX Recovery Trust's Motion for Reconsideration or to Modify Order Allowing Rheingans-Yoo's FDU Claim, *In re FTX Trading Ltd.*, No. 22-11068 (KBO) (Bankr. D. Del. July 23, 2025), D.I. 31846, paras. 1-2, 7-10. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.deb.188450/gov.uscourts.deb.188450.31846.0.pdf
[^9]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024 (since withdrawn under the Commission's retention policy), sections "Background," "Findings" and "Conclusions." https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk [^9]: Charity Commission for England and Wales, "Charity Inquiry: Effective Ventures Foundation UK," published May 22, 2024 (since withdrawn under the Commission's retention policy), sections "Background," "Findings" and "Conclusions." https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk/charity-inquiry-effective-ventures-foundation-uk

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Paul Vanden Boeynants.md
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@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ The network ties included Societe Generale de Banque, where Lippens had interest
Vanden Boeynants faced no charges from X-Dossier allegations, with testimonies barred from Dutroux's 2004 trial due to reliability issues with X-witnesses' DID. The 1997 dossier leak detailed his name, but investigations halted after his 2001 death from natural causes. No assets or records were seized linking him to crimes. The 2005 Wikileaks summary reiterated claims, but no legal action occurred post-mortem.[^1] Vanden Boeynants faced no charges from X-Dossier allegations, with testimonies barred from Dutroux's 2004 trial due to reliability issues with X-witnesses' DID. The 1997 dossier leak detailed his name, but investigations halted after his 2001 death from natural causes. No assets or records were seized linking him to crimes. The 2005 Wikileaks summary reiterated claims, but no legal action occurred post-mortem.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It places his premiership in 1978-1981 and a kidnapping in 1974; contemporaneous reporting gives two terms, from 1966 and 1978, and the kidnapping of January 1989. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It places his premiership in 1978-1981 and a kidnapping in 1974; contemporaneous reporting gives two terms, from 1966 and 1978, and the kidnapping of January 1989.
[^2]: "Aldo Moro, Paul Vanden Boeynants, Baron Empain: ces kidnappings célèbres ayant marqué le monde politique et économique." RTBF, October 10, 2020; translated from the French. https://www.rtbf.be/article/aldo-moro-paul-vanden-boeynants-baron-empain-ces-kidnappings-celebres-ayant-marque-le-monde-politique-et-economique-10604463 [^2]: "Aldo Moro, Paul Vanden Boeynants, Baron Empain: ces kidnappings célèbres ayant marqué le monde politique et économique." RTBF, October 10, 2020; translated from the French. https://www.rtbf.be/article/aldo-moro-paul-vanden-boeynants-baron-empain-ces-kidnappings-celebres-ayant-marque-le-monde-politique-et-economique-10604463
[^3]: Tempest, Rone. "Mystery, Doubts Shroud Kidnaping of Belgian." *Los Angeles Times,* February 4, 1989. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-04-mn-1507-story.html [^3]: Tempest, Rone. "Mystery, Doubts Shroud Kidnaping of Belgian." *Los Angeles Times,* February 4, 1989. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-02-04-mn-1507-story.html

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Peter Crane.md
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ Schnabel states that the matter ended after Russo complained of a telephone call
[^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel." Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. [^1]: Rudy Havenstein, "Dr. Green and the Goblins of Langley," Substack, July 11, 2025, https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley, quoting *Grey Lodge Occult Review* 1, no. 5: "The names Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Mike Russo and Don Kurtis which appear below are pseudonyms employed by Mr. Schnabel." Schnabel's own list of pseudonyms in *Remote Viewers* (Dell, 1997), "Pseudonyms," includes Richard Kennett, Peter Crane, Don Curtis and Mike Russo: https://archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2.
[^2]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986). [^2]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers* (Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/; Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (Jonathan Cape, 1986).
[^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), chapter on Kennett and Livermore, as excerpted at https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley. Sole source for the passages so cited; Schnabel uses pseudonyms for the Livermore physicists. [^3]: Jim Schnabel, *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies* (New York: Dell, 1997), chapter on Kennett and Livermore, as excerpted at https://rudy.substack.com/p/dr-green-and-the-goblins-of-langley. Schnabel uses pseudonyms for the Livermore physicists.
[^4]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017). [^4]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena* (Little, Brown, 2017).
[^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. [^5]: CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt.
[^6]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf. [^6]: *Lobster* 67 (2014), review of Jonathan Margolis, *The Secret Life of Uri Geller: CIA Masterspy?* (Watkins, 2013), https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/lob67-higher-strangeness.pdf.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Richard Babayan.md
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@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ Ben-Menashe alleged that in 1987 the flow of funds from PROMIS sales extended to
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Gallagher, Ryan. "Dirtier than Watergate," *New Statesman*, April 2011. Mirror: https://rjgallagher.co.uk/2011/04/inslaw-case-dirtier-than-watergate.html. Original: https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2011/04/promis-government-inslaw. Sole source for the characterization of Babayan as a former arms broker and CIA contract operative, and for the passage on PROMIS sales to Iraq, Libya and Korea. [^1]: Gallagher, Ryan. "Dirtier than Watergate," *New Statesman*, April 2011. Mirror: https://rjgallagher.co.uk/2011/04/inslaw-case-dirtier-than-watergate.html. Original: https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2011/04/promis-government-inslaw.
[^2]: Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 ("October Surprise Task Force"), 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Calendar No. 634, January 3, 1993, section "(v) Richard Babayan," pp. 76 and 99 (table of contents). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^2]: Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980 ("October Surprise Task Force"), 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, House Calendar No. 634, January 3, 1993, section "(v) Richard Babayan," pp. 76 and 99 (table of contents). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^3]: Joint Report, introductory section (task force met with Hashemi, Madani, Durrani, Rupp, Ben-Menashe and Babayan) and notes 62 to 66 (Unger, Esquire, October 1991, at 92). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^3]: Joint Report, introductory section (task force met with Hashemi, Madani, Durrani, Rupp, Ben-Menashe and Babayan) and notes 62 to 66 (Unger, Esquire, October 1991, at 92). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^4]: Joint Report, section "(v) Richard Babayan," notes 68 to 74, citing the Richard Babayan deposition of September 18 and 19, 1992 (Babayan Dep. at 13 to 16, 25). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^4]: Joint Report, section "(v) Richard Babayan," notes 68 to 74, citing the Richard Babayan deposition of September 18 and 19, 1992 (Babayan Dep. at 13 to 16, 25). https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ Ben-Menashe alleged that in 1987 the flow of funds from PROMIS sales extended to
[^8]: Joint Report, section "(v) Richard Babayan," pp. 99 and following, notes 408 to 415, citing Babayan Dep. at 5, 7, 15 to 18, 27 to 31. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^8]: Joint Report, section "(v) Richard Babayan," pp. 99 and following, notes 408 to 415, citing Babayan Dep. at 5, 7, 15 to 18, 27 to 31. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^9]: Walter Pincus, Washington Post, November 24, 1992, report on the Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee special counsel's preliminary conclusions (reprinted by American Cybercasting). https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/net/user/tytso/usenet/americast/wpost/1645 [^9]: Walter Pincus, Washington Post, November 24, 1992, report on the Senate Foreign Relations subcommittee special counsel's preliminary conclusions (reprinted by American Cybercasting). https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/net/user/tytso/usenet/americast/wpost/1645
[^10]: Joint Report, note 415, citing letter from Terry O'Connor, inspector in charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation, to Hon. Lee Hamilton, October 27, 1992, and App. at 574 to 580. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force [^10]: Joint Report, note 415, citing letter from Terry O'Connor, inspector in charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation, to Hon. Lee Hamilton, October 27, 1992, and App. at 574 to 580. https://archive.org/details/6199732-Joint-Report-of-the-October-Surprise-Task-Force
[^11]: INSLAW, Inc., Third Supplemental Submission of INSLAW in Support of Its Motion to Take Limited Discovery, United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 85-00070 (Chapter 11), Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, undated, footnote on page 7 (affidavit and Palm Beach passage). Refers to February 1991 events. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInBriefSupportingDocs. Pages 6 and 7 and footnote 1 on page 7. Sole source for the affidavit summary, the Palm Beach charges and the Miami sting allegation. [^11]: INSLAW, Inc., Third Supplemental Submission of INSLAW in Support of Its Motion to Take Limited Discovery, United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Columbia, Case No. 85-00070 (Chapter 11), Adversary Proceeding No. 86-0069, undated, footnote on page 7 (affidavit and Palm Beach passage). Refers to February 1991 events. https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInBriefSupportingDocs. Pages 6 and 7 and footnote 1 on page 7.
[^12]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc., March 1993, conclusions on Hadron and international distribution, Ben-Menashe affidavits, and the Michael Riconosciuto section (begins p. 42). https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 [^12]: Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua to the Attorney General of the United States Regarding the Allegations of INSLAW, Inc., March 1993, conclusions on Hadron and international distribution, Ben-Menashe affidavits, and the Michael Riconosciuto section (begins p. 42). https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993
[^13]: "New Report Finds No Credible Basis for INSLAW Case," Department of Justice release, September 27, 1994. https://irp.fas.org/news/1994/940927-555.htm [^13]: "New Report Finds No Credible Basis for INSLAW Case," Department of Justice release, September 27, 1994. https://irp.fas.org/news/1994/940927-555.htm
[^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^14]: Ari Ben-Menashe, *Profits of War: Inside the Secret U.S.-Israeli Arms Network* (Sheridan Square Press, 1992; TrineDay reprint, 2015).

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert Frye.md
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@ -44,5 +44,5 @@ Frye suffered a heart attack in early April 1983 and was hospitalized. After thi
[^3]: A. R. Frye, inter-office memorandum to R. E. Chasen (the scan text prints "Crasen"), S & S Group, "Trip Report (May 11-22, 1981)," May 25, 1981 (the scan text prints the year as "1531"; the trip dates and the Bua report place it in 1981), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks. [^3]: A. R. Frye, inter-office memorandum to R. E. Chasen (the scan text prints "Crasen"), S & S Group, "Trip Report (May 11-22, 1981)," May 25, 1981 (the scan text prints the year as "1531"; the trip dates and the Bua report place it in 1981), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence," https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks.
[^4]: Undated letter to Patrick Moriarty, Pyrotronics Corp./Red Devil/Wildcat, headed "CSC/WSI Joint Venture," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." [^4]: Undated letter to Patrick Moriarty, Pyrotronics Corp./Red Devil/Wildcat, headed "CSC/WSI Joint Venture," Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence."
[^5]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 (year not printed) to La France Specialties, San Diego, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." [^5]: Arthur Welmas, letter dated May 1 (year not printed) to La France Specialties, San Diego, Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence."
[^6]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. Sole source for the Pastora identification and the retraction. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm [^6]: John Connolly, "Inside the Shadow CIA," *Spy,* September 1992, pp. 46-54. https://www.prop1.org/legal/prisons/92wack.htm
[^7]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page. [^7]: John Hussar, "Crime probes tied to Nichols associates," *The Desert Sun* (Palm Springs, California), March 21, 1985, front page.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Robert M. Collins.md
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@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ Pilkington wrote that Collins and Doty "would reunite in 2005 as the authors of
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction, Section 1 (Chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist," with the sections "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: The Aviary," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989") and Section 2, Chapter 4 with references; Internet Archive copy, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (copyright notice 2010, Peregrine Communications; text cites material of June and July 2012; ISBN printed as 09766426-2-/ and 978-0976642626). Collins's account is the sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Robert Collins and Richard Doty, *Exempt from Disclosure: The Black World of UFOs*, introduction, Section 1 (Chapter 1, "FTD Is Not a Florist," with the sections "Go west as they say," "Summits without the Cocktails, the fall of 1987," "And We Became Birds: The Aviary," "August 1988: Cloak & Dagger," "September 1988," "April 1989") and Section 2, Chapter 4 with references; Internet Archive copy, https://archive.org/details/exempt-from-disclosure (copyright notice 2010, Peregrine Communications; text cites material of June and July 2012; ISBN printed as 09766426-2-/ and 978-0976642626). Collins's account is the
[^2]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member who named Collins is not identified in the text. Howe's account of November 1987 reaches the page through Hastings only. [^2]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. The production-team member who named Collins is not identified in the text. Howe's account of November 1987 reaches the page through Hastings only.
[^3]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men* (Constable, 2010), chapters on Doty and on Serpo and chapter notes, https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf [^3]: Mark Pilkington, *Mirage Men* (Constable, 2010), chapters on Doty and on Serpo and chapter notes, https://avalonlibrary.net/ebooks/Mark%20Pilkington%20-%20Mirage%20Men%20-%20A%20Journey%20into%20Disinformation,%20Paranoia%20and%20UFOs.pdf
[^4]: William L. Moore, address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); names corrected from mis-rendered captions. [^4]: William L. Moore, address to the MUFON International UFO Symposium, Las Vegas, July 1, 1989, from the caption transcript of https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUfimKiS-po (video of the Ron Regehr recording, Internet Archive item bill-moore-1989-mufon); names corrected from mis-rendered captions.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ron Blackburn.md
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@ -42,4 +42,4 @@ Ron Blackburn is a retired [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] lieutenant colo
[^1]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities,* 2011, as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, p. 20, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf. [^1]: Alexander, John B. *UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities,* 2011, as quoted in Elizondo, Daniel, and The Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, p. 20, https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf.
[^2]: Houck and Shannon notes as reproduced in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 15 and 188. [^2]: Houck and Shannon notes as reproduced in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 15 and 188.
[^3]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of February, May and August 1990, as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 21 and 66-67 and the sections on EMP testing and on Ed Dames, which gives volume numbers only for the May and "1990" mesa entries (*Forbidden Science: Volume Four*); the February and August 1990 entries fall in the period of that volume. No Blackburn publication or Air Force Weapons Laboratory record was found. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^3]: Vallee, Jacques. Journal entries of February, May and August 1990, as quoted in the Loose Threads Report, pp. 21 and 66-67 and the sections on EMP testing and on Ed Dames, which gives volume numbers only for the May and "1990" mesa entries (*Forbidden Science: Volume Four*); the February and August 1990 entries fall in the period of that volume. No Blackburn publication or Air Force Weapons Laboratory record was found.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Stephen Deckoff.md
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@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ The [[Federal Election Commission]] records two itemized contributions of 3,500
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Chang, Richard J. "Exclusive: Billionaire Investor Buys Jeffrey Epstein's Private Islands For $60 Million." *Forbes,* May 2023. Copy filed as Exhibit 29 to document 226-30, *Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,* No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), filed July 24, 2023; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02810216. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank,%20N.A.,%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02810216.pdf. Sole source for the passages so cited (the statement that Deckoff never met Epstein, and the Forbes figure for the government share of sale proceeds). Suzanne Carlson of the Virgin Islands Daily News wrote on February 6, 2026 that Deckoff's name did not appear to be in the files and that it was unclear whether the two men had any association before Epstein's death. [^1]: Chang, Richard J. "Exclusive: Billionaire Investor Buys Jeffrey Epstein's Private Islands For $60 Million." *Forbes,* May 2023. Copy filed as Exhibit 29 to document 226-30, *Government of the United States Virgin Islands v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,* No. 1:22-cv-10904-JSR (S.D.N.Y.), filed July 24, 2023; U.S. Department of Justice, Epstein Library, EFTA02810216. https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/Court%20Records/Government%20of%20the%20United%20States%20Virgin%20Islands%20v.%20JPMorgan%20Chase%20Bank,%20N.A.,%20No.%20122-cv-10904%20(S.D.N.Y.%202022)/EFTA02810216.pdf. Suzanne Carlson of the Virgin Islands Daily News wrote on February 6, 2026 that Deckoff's name did not appear to be in the files and that it was unclear whether the two men had any association before Epstein's death.
[^2]: "SD Investments Announces Acquisition of Great St. James and Little St. James Islands in the United States Virgin Islands." *PR Newswire,* May 3, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sd-investments-announces-acquisition-of-great-st-james-and-little-st-james-islands-in-the-united-states-virgin-islands-301815032.html [^2]: "SD Investments Announces Acquisition of Great St. James and Little St. James Islands in the United States Virgin Islands." *PR Newswire,* May 3, 2023. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sd-investments-announces-acquisition-of-great-st-james-and-little-st-james-islands-in-the-united-states-virgin-islands-301815032.html
[^3]: Black Diamond Capital Management, "About," archived page, Wayback Machine snapshot dated 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.bdcm.com/about.html [^3]: Black Diamond Capital Management, "About," archived page, Wayback Machine snapshot dated 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/2020/http://www.bdcm.com/about.html
[^4]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investment Adviser Public Disclosure, firm record for Black Diamond Capital Management (firm ID 154495, Form ADV filing dated July 13, 2026), including Form ADV Part 1A Items 1.F, 1.G, 5.F, Schedule A, Schedule B and Schedule D Section 1.F, and the state notice filing records. https://api.adviserinfo.sec.gov/search/firm/154495 and https://reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov/reports/ADV/154495/PDF/154495.pdf [^4]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Investment Adviser Public Disclosure, firm record for Black Diamond Capital Management (firm ID 154495, Form ADV filing dated July 13, 2026), including Form ADV Part 1A Items 1.F, 1.G, 5.F, Schedule A, Schedule B and Schedule D Section 1.F, and the state notice filing records. https://api.adviserinfo.sec.gov/search/firm/154495 and https://reports.adviserinfo.sec.gov/reports/ADV/154495/PDF/154495.pdf
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ The [[Federal Election Commission]] records two itemized contributions of 3,500
[^11]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt entry for N-number 114BD and DEREG.txt, downloaded October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip [^11]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Registry, Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt entry for N-number 114BD and DEREG.txt, downloaded October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip
[^12]: City-Data.com, "FAA Registered Aircraft, Dealers and Manufacturers in Greenwich, Connecticut" (listing derived from FAA registry data; undated snapshot, retrieved October 8, 2026). https://www.city-data.com/aircraft/air-Greenwich-Connecticut.html [^12]: City-Data.com, "FAA Registered Aircraft, Dealers and Manufacturers in Greenwich, Connecticut" (listing derived from FAA registry data; undated snapshot, retrieved October 8, 2026). https://www.city-data.com/aircraft/air-Greenwich-Connecticut.html
[^13]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N114BD (Mode S code 50035454; registered owner BLACK DIAMOND AVIATION GROUP LLC, 1 SOUND SHORE DR STE 200, GREENWICH, CT; certificate issued 11/04/2023; airworthiness date 02/10/2018; expiration 11/30/2030), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=114BD ; same record in Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip [^13]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N114BD (Mode S code 50035454; registered owner BLACK DIAMOND AVIATION GROUP LLC, 1 SOUND SHORE DR STE 200, GREENWICH, CT; certificate issued 11/04/2023; airworthiness date 02/10/2018; expiration 11/30/2030), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=114BD ; same record in Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip
[^14]: Bill Heltzel, "Cabinetry dispute grounds Falcon 7X business jet," *Westfair Business Journal,* May 27, 2026. https://westfaironline.com/courts/cabinetry-dispute-grounds-falcon-7x-business-jet/ Sole source for the ownership statement and the lawsuit's allegations; the article gives no tail number or case caption. [^14]: Bill Heltzel, "Cabinetry dispute grounds Falcon 7X business jet," *Westfair Business Journal,* May 27, 2026. https://westfaironline.com/courts/cabinetry-dispute-grounds-falcon-7x-business-jet/ The article gives no tail number or case caption.
[^15]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N615BD (Mode S code A8016E; type registration Individual; registered owner DECKOFF STEPHEN H, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; certificate issued 04/19/2024; airworthiness 05/03/2024; expiration 04/30/2031), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=615BD [^15]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N615BD (Mode S code A8016E; type registration Individual; registered owner DECKOFF STEPHEN H, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; certificate issued 04/19/2024; airworthiness 05/03/2024; expiration 04/30/2031), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=615BD
[^16]: Federal Aviation Administration, Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt entry 615BD (serial number 1193, model code 5620010), with ACFTREF.txt entry 5620010 (AIRBUS HELICOPTERS DEUTSCHLAND, EC135 P2+), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip ; FlightAware registration page for N615BD, retrieved October 8, 2026, which gives the same owner and dates. https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N615BD [^16]: Federal Aviation Administration, Releasable Aircraft Database, MASTER.txt entry 615BD (serial number 1193, model code 5620010), with ACFTREF.txt entry 5620010 (AIRBUS HELICOPTERS DEUTSCHLAND, EC135 P2+), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/database/ReleasableAircraft.zip ; FlightAware registration page for N615BD, retrieved October 8, 2026, which gives the same owner and dates. https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N615BD
[^17]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N112BD ("N112BD is Deregistered"), and Releasable Aircraft Database, DEREG.txt entry 112BD, serial number 166 (model code 5170707, Learjet 60, year 1999; status "SALE REPORTED"; cancel date 07/01/2025; last action date 06/29/2025), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=112BD [^17]: Federal Aviation Administration, Aircraft Inquiry, N-Number Inquiry Results for N112BD ("N112BD is Deregistered"), and Releasable Aircraft Database, DEREG.txt entry 112BD, serial number 166 (model code 5170707, Learjet 60, year 1999; status "SALE REPORTED"; cancel date 07/01/2025; last action date 06/29/2025), retrieved October 8, 2026. https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=112BD

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Thomas Gates.md
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@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ The Department of Justice's 1993 report by Special Counsel [[Nicholas J. Bua]] c
[^3]: Appellant's Opening Brief, *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. Gates,* No. 90-55281 (9th Cir.), certificate dated June 27, 1990 (case removed as CV 89-4383 RG (Kx), C.D. Cal.). https://archive.org/details/MeridianV.Gates [^3]: Appellant's Opening Brief, *Meridian International Logistics, Inc. v. Gates,* No. 90-55281 (9th Cir.), certificate dated June 27, 1990 (case removed as CV 89-4383 RG (Kx), C.D. Cal.). https://archive.org/details/MeridianV.Gates
[^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine [^4]: Connolly, John. "The Story That Killed Danny Casolaro." *Spy,* January 1993. https://archive.org/details/SpyMagazine
[^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 1-5. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo. [^5]: Affidavit of Special Agent Thomas G. Gates in support of an application to continue interception of wire communications of Martin Bacow, Eugene Giaquinto, Joseph Garofalo, Robert Nichols and others, before Judge J. Spencer Letts, C.D. Cal. (continuation affidavit citing intercepts through September 1, 1987), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Gates." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks (file Gates.pdf), paragraphs 1-5. Seymour, *The Last Circle,* p. 356, paraphrases the narcotics-funding wording as describing Meridian International Logistics; the affidavit places it under the controlled-substance offenses of Giaquinto and Garofalo.
[^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^6]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010.
[^7]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, sections "Additional Questions," "Possible Connection Between Earl Brian, Michael Riconosciuto, Robert Booth Nichols and the Cabazon Indian Reservation," "Department Official May Have Attempted to Influence a Key Witness," and notes 214 to 217 and 323 (citing Gates's sworn statement of March 26, 1992, pp. 10, 56, 61). https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport [^7]: U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, *The INSLAW Affair: Investigative Report*, H. Rept. 102-857, September 10, 1992, sections "Additional Questions," "Possible Connection Between Earl Brian, Michael Riconosciuto, Robert Booth Nichols and the Cabazon Indian Reservation," "Department Official May Have Attempted to Influence a Key Witness," and notes 214 to 217 and 323 (citing Gates's sworn statement of March 26, 1992, pp. 10, 56, 61). https://archive.org/details/InslawAffairInvestigativeReport
[^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6"). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^8]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010, pp. 347-349 ("Report No. 5" and "Report No. 6").
[^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua*, March 1993, section "The Death of Joseph Daniel Casolaro," pp. 246 to 248. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993 [^9]: U.S. Department of Justice, *Report of Special Counsel Nicholas J. Bua*, March 1993, section "The Death of Joseph Daniel Casolaro," pp. 246 to 248. https://archive.org/details/doj-oip-inslaw-1993

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Walworth Barbour.md
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@ -32,5 +32,5 @@ Barbour's support for Israel was profound and heartfelt. He remained on the boar
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12.
[^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 158, editors' note on telegram 3937 from Tel Aviv, June 5, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158 [^2]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 158, editors' note on telegram 3937 from Tel Aviv, June 5, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d158
[^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library. Sole source for the cable text. [^3]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 12, pp. 167-168, quoting a declassified cable in the LBJ Library.
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 326, Telegram 4311 from the Embassy in Israel (Barbour) to the Department of State, June 27, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d326

4
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Ward Boston.md
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@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ Boston's papers at the [[Hoover Institution]], acquired in 2012, consist of thre
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated "January 8, 2004 at Coronado, California," four pages, signed. Scanned copy at https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf (signature page read directly). Text transcription at https://stationhypo.com/?p=69026, which prints the date as January 9. Sole source for the conversations with Kidd and for the account of the transcript alterations. [^1]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated "January 8, 2004 at Coronado, California," four pages, signed. Scanned copy at https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf (signature page read directly). Text transcription at https://stationhypo.com/?p=69026, which prints the date as January 9.
[^2]: "Obituary: Captain Ward Boston Jr. Dies June 12," Connection Newspapers, June 17, 2008. https://connectionnewspapers.com/news/2008/jun/17/obituary-captain-ward-boston-jr-dies-june-12. Family-supplied; sole source for the early career details, the retirement, and the burial. [^2]: "Obituary: Captain Ward Boston Jr. Dies June 12," Connection Newspapers, June 17, 2008. https://connectionnewspapers.com/news/2008/jun/17/obituary-captain-ward-boston-jr-dies-june-12. Family-supplied.
[^3]: Ward Boston Jr., "Time for the truth about the Liberty," San Diego Union-Tribune, June 8, 2007, two-page PDF copy at https://archive.org/details/time-for-the-truth-about-the-liberty. The page identifies the author as a naval aviator in World War II on the Yorktown, an FBI agent before his Navy assignment, and a graduate of the College of William and Mary School of Law. [^3]: Ward Boston Jr., "Time for the truth about the Liberty," San Diego Union-Tribune, June 8, 2007, two-page PDF copy at https://archive.org/details/time-for-the-truth-about-the-liberty. The page identifies the author as a naval aviator in World War II on the Yorktown, an FBI agent before his Navy assignment, and a graduate of the College of William and Mary School of Law.
[^4]: A. Jay Cristol, "Why You Shouldn't Pay Attention to the Claims that Israel Attacked the USS Liberty Deliberately," History News Network, June 12, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that-. Cristol is the author of The Liberty Incident and an advocate of the accident finding. His claims about Gotcher, McNamara, and the release of the affidavit on October 22, 2003 are his. [^4]: A. Jay Cristol, "Why You Shouldn't Pay Attention to the Claims that Israel Attacked the USS Liberty Deliberately," History News Network, June 12, 2007. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that-. Cristol is the author of The Liberty Incident and an advocate of the accident finding. His claims about Gotcher, McNamara, and the release of the affidavit on October 22, 2003 are his.
[^5]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, 728-page scan, posted at https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf. Scan pages cited: 34 to 38 (McCain's first endorsement, June 18, 1967), 106 and 107 (opening, appointing order, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment of June 15, London June 16), 160 to 164 (Painter testimony, transcript pages 55 to 59), 258 (transcript page 153), 265 (closing of the court at 1645 on June 16), 266 and 267 (findings of fact 1 and 6). [^5]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, 728-page scan, posted at https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf. Scan pages cited: 34 to 38 (McCain's first endorsement, June 18, 1967), 106 and 107 (opening, appointing order, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment of June 15, London June 16), 160 to 164 (Painter testimony, transcript pages 55 to 59), 258 (transcript page 153), 265 (closing of the court at 1645 on June 16), 266 and 267 (findings of fact 1 and 6).

26
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Wernher von Braun.md
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@ -9,6 +9,19 @@ summary: "Wernher von Braun (1912–1977) was a German-American aerospace engine
born: 1912-03-23 born: 1912-03-23
died: 1977-06-16 died: 1977-06-16
location: "Wyrzysk, Germany (now Poland)" location: "Wyrzysk, Germany (now Poland)"
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[U.S. Army]]"
start: 1950-04-15
end: 1960-07-01
role: "chief of the Guided Missile Development Division at Redstone Arsenal from January 1953; Army missile work at Redstone until transfer to NASA"
fn: 3
- type: director_of
with: "[[Marshall Space Flight Center]]"
start: 1960-07-01
end: 1970
fn: 7
--- ---
@ -20,5 +33,18 @@ In 1972, von Braun met with [[Uri Geller]], a meeting arranged by [[Andrija Puha
In a second incident, von Braun presented Geller with a non-working electronic pocket calculator. Geller held the machine and concentrated, and witnesses confirmed that the electronic panel inexplicably lit up. These incidents caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]], leading to a briefing on "Paranormal Phenomena - Briefing on a Net Assessment Study." The briefing noted the potential utility of [[Psychokinesis|psychokinesis]] (if feasible) in disrupting electrical systems, such as those associated with an [[Intercontinental Ballistic Missile|ICBM]]'s guidance program, as displayed by Geller[^1]. In a second incident, von Braun presented Geller with a non-working electronic pocket calculator. Geller held the machine and concentrated, and witnesses confirmed that the electronic panel inexplicably lit up. These incidents caught the attention of the [[Pentagon]], leading to a briefing on "Paranormal Phenomena - Briefing on a Net Assessment Study." The briefing noted the potential utility of [[Psychokinesis|psychokinesis]] (if feasible) in disrupting electrical systems, such as those associated with an [[Intercontinental Ballistic Missile|ICBM]]'s guidance program, as displayed by Geller[^1].
### Redstone Arsenal, 1950 to 1960
Von Braun's team moved from [[Fort Bliss]], Texas, to [[Redstone Arsenal]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]] beginning on April 15, 1950. The Army chronology records about 120 German scientists arriving from Fort Bliss in April 1950 and describes the post as officially entering the missile era with the arrival of the group.[^2] On January 16, 1953 the Army redesignated the Guided Missiles Development Branch as the Guided Missile Development Division of the Ordnance Missile Laboratory and appointed von Braun its chief.[^3] The first Redstone research and development missile was flight tested on August 20, 1953.[^3]
The [[Army Ballistic Missile Agency]] was established at Redstone Arsenal on February 1, 1956, with the mission of fielding the Army's first intermediate range ballistic missile.[^4] On January 31, 1958 a Jupiter C missile placed [[Explorer 1]] into orbit; NASA gives the launch time as 10:48 p.m. EST and describes the rocket as developed at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency in Alabama under the direction of von Braun.[^5][^6] After President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] approved the transfer of the agency's scientists and engineers to [[NASA]] on October 21, 1958, the [[Marshall Space Flight Center|George C. Marshall Space Flight Center]] opened at Redstone Arsenal on July 1, 1960, and Eisenhower dedicated it on September 8, 1960.[^4][^7]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1950 - 1952," entry "April 50" and introductory paragraph. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1950.html
[^3]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1953," entries for 16 January 1953 and 20 August 1953. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1953.html
[^4]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "Introduction," The ABMA/AOMC Era, 1956 to 1962. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1956-intro.html
[^5]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1958," entry for 31 January 1958. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1958.html
[^6]: NASA, "Explorer 1," section "The Launch," https://www.nasa.gov/mission/explorer-1/
[^7]: U.S. Army, Redstone Arsenal Historical Information, "1960," entries for 1 July 1960 and 8 September 1960. https://history.redstone.army.mil/ihist-1960.html

18
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Willy Brandt.md
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@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u
[^3]: Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt: Eine politische Biographie* (Schriftenreihe Extremismus & Demokratie, vol. 6, Bonn: Bouvier, 1993), pp. 3-4 (Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend 1929, SPD full membership 1930 at sixteen), pp. 18-19 (the change of name, the withdrawal of German citizenship by the Reich government on September 5, 1938, official documents still listing him as "Frahm"), p. 20 (the recollection of Bruno Kreisky), p. 49 (August 13, 1961), p. 82 (the Hallstein Doctrine), p. 106 (Moscow Treaty), pp. 157-159 (Guillaume affair and resignation). The English edition is Macmillan, 1997. [^3]: Barbara Marshall, *Willy Brandt: Eine politische Biographie* (Schriftenreihe Extremismus & Demokratie, vol. 6, Bonn: Bouvier, 1993), pp. 3-4 (Sozialistische Arbeiterjugend 1929, SPD full membership 1930 at sixteen), pp. 18-19 (the change of name, the withdrawal of German citizenship by the Reich government on September 5, 1938, official documents still listing him as "Frahm"), p. 20 (the recollection of Bruno Kreisky), p. 49 (August 13, 1961), p. 82 (the Hallstein Doctrine), p. 106 (Moscow Treaty), pp. 157-159 (Guillaume affair and resignation). The English edition is Macmillan, 1997.
[^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962. Sole source for the contents of the KGB file as relayed by Mitrokhin. [^4]: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), chapter "The Federal Republic of Germany," section on Brandt (endnotes 20 to 33, citing Mitrokhin's notes k-26, 88 and k-26, 86 on the file codenamed POLYARNIK, k-2, 52, and k-19, 248 and 250), and the discussion of Guillaume, HANSEN, Steiner and SIMSON that follows it (endnotes 34 to 50). The authors state that the codename is not evidence that Brandt was an agent and that Mitrokhin's notes on the file go only to 1962.
[^5]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Demokratischer Sozialist und Journalist in Schweden 1940-1946," entries for autumn 1940 (Overseas News Agency correspondent, registration as a foreign journalist on December 11, 1940) and March 1941 (arrest on March 28, 1941 on suspicion of "Nachrichtentätigkeit für eine kriegführende Macht"; surveillance by the Swedish security police, the SÄPO) (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/demokratischer-sozialist-und-journalist-in-schweden-1940-1946/). [^5]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Demokratischer Sozialist und Journalist in Schweden 1940-1946," entries for autumn 1940 (Overseas News Agency correspondent, registration as a foreign journalist on December 11, 1940) and March 1941 (arrest on March 28, 1941 on suspicion of "Nachrichtentätigkeit für eine kriegführende Macht"; surveillance by the Swedish security police, the SÄPO) (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/demokratischer-sozialist-und-journalist-in-schweden-1940-1946/).
@ -186,23 +186,23 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u
[^8]: Andrew and Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), Introduction and endnotes 44 to 47: *Focus* (Munich), June 15, 1998; Roger Boyes, "Defector Says Willy Brandt was KGB Agent," *The Times*, June 16, 1998; ITAR-TASS interview with Yuri Kobaladze, June 19, 1998; *Sunday Times*, April 26, 1998, on Butkov. [^8]: Andrew and Mitrokhin, *The Sword and the Shield* (New York: Basic Books, 1999), Introduction and endnotes 44 to 47: *Focus* (Munich), June 15, 1998; Roger Boyes, "Defector Says Willy Brandt was KGB Agent," *The Times*, June 16, 1998; ITAR-TASS interview with Yuri Kobaladze, June 19, 1998; *Sunday Times*, April 26, 1998, on Butkov.
[^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here. Sole source for the BStU account of the Angerer statement. [^9]: Daniela Münkel, *Kampagnen, Spione, geheime Kanäle: Die Stasi und Willy Brandt* (BF informiert 32, 2nd ed., Berlin: BStU, 2015), PDF page 8 (Neues Deutschland headlines of February 5, 1950 and May 4, 1954, in her notes 2 and 3), PDF pages 14 to 15 (Angerer, the 54-page statement, the campaign plan of mid-May 1959; notes 18 to 20, BStU, MfS, AU 4000/65, Bd. 1, Bl. 275, 384), PDF pages 54 to 55 (Steiner, Wolf's *Spionagechef im geheimen Krieg*, p. 261, in her note 110, Wagner, Fleissmann, Honecker's remarks to Ceausescu of May 11 and 12, 1972, Brandt's *Erinnerungen* (1994), p. 290, Seebacher, *Willy Brandt* (2006), p. 229) (https://www.bundesarchiv.de/assets/bundesarchiv/de/Publikationen/BFi32_Muenkel_Stasi_und_Brandt.pdf). Wolf's sentence is quoted in German in the publication and translated here.
[^10]: Der Spiegel, December 16, 2021, report on CIC files and the research of Thomas Boghardt, as reported by ORF, "Spiegel: Willy Brandt war Informant für US-Geheimdienst" (https://orf.at/stories/3240609/). [^10]: Der Spiegel, December 16, 2021, report on CIC files and the research of Thomas Boghardt, as reported by ORF, "Spiegel: Willy Brandt war Informant für US-Geheimdienst" (https://orf.at/stories/3240609/).
[^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). Sole source for the CIA payroll and KGB allegations, which the column attributes to four unnamed intelligence sources. [^11]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Brandt alleged agent for CIA, possibly KGB," Washington Post, November 11, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00552R000100730004-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00552r000100730004-8). The column attributes the CIA payroll and KGB allegations to four unnamed intelligence sources.
[^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4). Sole source for the attribution to Eleanor Dulles. [^12]: Drew Pearson, "Washington Merry-Go-Round: Distaff Dulles Serves U.S. Well," New York Mirror, March 14, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200150126-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200150126-4).
[^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). Sole source for the 1956 IRC courier account, which the column attributes to knowledgeable intelligence sources. [^13]: Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, "Carter Tried To Deny Brandt Payola Report," Washington Post, November 12, 1981, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160021-4 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160021-4). The column attributes the 1956 IRC courier account to knowledgeable intelligence sources.
[^14]: Associated Press, "U.S. Denies Report on Brandt-CIA Tie," Washington Post, November 13, 1981, reporting a State Department statement of the previous day, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160018-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160018-8). [^14]: Associated Press, "U.S. Denies Report on Brandt-CIA Tie," Washington Post, November 13, 1981, reporting a State Department statement of the previous day, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP90-00965R000100160018-8 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp90-00965r000100160018-8).
[^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war). Sole source for the 200,000 mark figure and the Stadtblatt mechanism. [^15]: Telepolis, "USA sponsorten Willy Brandt," 2016, reporting Scott Krause's findings in the Landesarchiv Berlin as presented at the Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung in Berlin (https://www.telepolis.de/article/USA-sponsorten-Willy-Brandt-3380017.html); Gulf Daily News (AFP), "US covertly financed Germany's Willy Brandt: historian," June 10, 2016 (https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/93142/US-covertly-financed-Germanys-Willy-Brandt-historian); University of Erfurt, Brandt School, report of Krause's lecture of May 25, 2022, on his book *Bringing Cold War Democracy to West Berlin: A Shared German-American Project* (Routledge, 2019; German edition *Vorposten der Freiheit*, Campus, 2022) (https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/university/current/news/news-detail/willy-brandt-on-the-frontlines-of-the-cold-war).
[^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). Sole source for the Hirschfeld identification, which the defense motion made. [^16]: David Anderson, "Figure in Spy Trial of Soblen Linked to Brandt of West Berlin," New York Times, 1961, CIA CREST copy CIA-RDP75-00149R000700320004-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000700320004-9). The Hirschfeld identification was made by the defense motion.
[^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9). Sole source for the editorial's claims. [^17]: Kurt Krueger, "What Interests Are Represented by the Rightwing SPD Leadership?", Neues Deutschland, May 1, 1961, as translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, "Dulles and Brandt," May 15, 1961, CIA CREST document CIA-RDP70-00058R000200140104-9 (https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp70-00058r000200140104-9).
[^18]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Außenminister und Bundeskanzler in Bonn 1967-1974" (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/aussenminister-und-bundeskanzler-in-bonn-1967-1974/): signing of the Basic Treaty by Egon Bahr and Michael Kohl in East Berlin on December 21, 1972. [^18]: Willy-Brandt-Biografie (Bundeskanzler-Willy-Brandt-Stiftung), "Außenminister und Bundeskanzler in Bonn 1967-1974" (https://www.willy-brandt-biografie.de/aussenminister-und-bundeskanzler-in-bonn-1967-1974/): signing of the Basic Treaty by Egon Bahr and Michael Kohl in East Berlin on December 21, 1972.
@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ In 1976 he became president of the [[Socialist International]], a post he held u
[^20]: Stephan Kieninger, "The Secret Side of Ostpolitik," Wilson Center, History and Public Policy Program blog, April 3, 2017 (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-secret-side-ostpolitik). Kieninger cites the Archiv Helmut Schmidt, Hamburg, "Soviet Union" files, volumes 1 to 5, and the Archiv für soziale Demokratie, Bonn, "L(ednev)" files within Bahr's papers. [^20]: Stephan Kieninger, "The Secret Side of Ostpolitik," Wilson Center, History and Public Policy Program blog, April 3, 2017 (https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/the-secret-side-ostpolitik). Kieninger cites the Archiv Helmut Schmidt, Hamburg, "Soviet Union" files, volumes 1 to 5, and the Archiv für soziale Demokratie, Bonn, "L(ednev)" files within Bahr's papers.
[^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). Sole source for the Brezhnev remark, which the lecture attributes to Keworkow. [^21]: Wolfgang Schmidt, "Persönliche Diplomatie in der Ostpolitik: Willy Brandts Beziehungen mit Leonid I. Breschnew und Michail S. Gorbatschow 1970-1992," Ausgewählte Vorträge des DHI Moskau 2021/2 (lecture of June 29, 2021), notes 21 to 24 and 52 to 54, citing Vjačeslav Keworkow, *Der geheime Kanal: Moskau, der KGB und die Bonner Ostpolitik* (Berlin, 1995), pp. 47-57, 104-120, 151 and 176-177; Egon Bahr, *Zu meiner Zeit* (Munich, 1996), pp. 263-264, 293 and 382-383; and Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1970, pp. 1457-1468 (https://perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/pnet_derivate_00004610/schmidt_persoenliche_diplomatie_in_der_ostpolitik.pdf). The lecture attributes the Brezhnev remark to Keworkow.
[^22]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, November 30, 1970, subject "Background of Bahr-Soviet Talks," paragraphs 2 to 7 and notes 2 and 4, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 138 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d138). Note 2 of the volume editors cites Falin, *Politische Erinnerungen*, pp. 128-129, and Kevorkov, *Der geheime Kanal*, pp. 90-91. [^22]: Memorandum from Director of Central Intelligence Helms to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Washington, November 30, 1970, subject "Background of Bahr-Soviet Talks," paragraphs 2 to 7 and notes 2 and 4, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976, Volume XL, Document 138 (https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v40/d138). Note 2 of the volume editors cites Falin, *Politische Erinnerungen*, pp. 128-129, and Kevorkov, *Der geheime Kanal*, pp. 90-91.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(A-G)/Zbigniew Brzezinski.md
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@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ relations:
role: "national security adviser during the White House response to the Vela event" role: "national security adviser during the White House response to the Vela event"
start: 1979-09-22 start: 1979-09-22
end: 1980-12-01 end: 1980-12-01
fn: 4 fn: 3
--- ---
[[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] National Security Adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, playing a key role in foreign policy decisions during a period of significant Middle Eastern upheaval. [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]] was the [[United States|U.S.]] National Security Adviser during the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration, playing a key role in foreign policy decisions during a period of significant Middle Eastern upheaval.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Alex Klokus.md
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@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ Fortune reported on September 24, 2026 that AJ Scaramucci had come out of stealt
[^18]: USPTO TSDR, ENNEA, serial 98873547, voluntary amendment PRA20251208060057, co-existence agreement and signature audit pages. https://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn98873547 [^18]: USPTO TSDR, ENNEA, serial 98873547, voluntary amendment PRA20251208060057, co-existence agreement and signature audit pages. https://tsdr.uspto.gov/documentviewer?caseId=sn98873547
[^19]: USPTO TSDR, SKYWATCHER serial 98864113 (https://tsdr.uspto.gov/statusview/sn98864113); ENNEA serial 98873547; PSIONIC serial 99091501. [^19]: USPTO TSDR, SKYWATCHER serial 98864113 (https://tsdr.uspto.gov/statusview/sn98864113); ENNEA serial 98873547; PSIONIC serial 99091501.
[^20]: Delaware Division of Corporations, entity search, file 10021279, Skywatcher Technologies Corporation, incorporated November 27, 2024 (entity details page captured October 3, 2026). [^20]: Delaware Division of Corporations, entity search, file 10021279, Skywatcher Technologies Corporation, incorporated November 27, 2024 (entity details page captured October 3, 2026).
[^21]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story (reports Greenstreet at second hand; sole source for that passage); Ross Coulthart, NewsNation Reality Check column, about August 2026, https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/ [^21]: Jason Colavito, "In Brief: NewsNation Offers a New UFO 'Crash Retrieval' Story," January 19, 2025, https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/in-brief-newsnation-offers-a-new-ufo-crash-retrieval-story (reports Greenstreet at second hand); Ross Coulthart, NewsNation Reality Check column, about August 2026, https://www.newsnationnow.com/podcasts-newsnation/reality-check/trump-administration-covert-ufo-program/amp/
[^22]: RDAP record, skywatcher.ai, created December 6, 2024. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/skywatcher.ai [^22]: RDAP record, skywatcher.ai, created December 6, 2024. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/skywatcher.ai
[^23]: SEC EDGAR full-text search, Form D, "Skywatcher," "Skywatcher Technologies," "Ennea LLC," October 3, 2026. https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22Skywatcher%22&forms=D [^23]: SEC EDGAR full-text search, Form D, "Skywatcher," "Skywatcher Technologies," "Ennea LLC," October 3, 2026. https://efts.sec.gov/LATEST/search-index?q=%22Skywatcher%22&forms=D
[^24]: ennea.io, Wayback Machine capture of November 4, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20241104003430id_/https://www.ennea.io/ ; RDAP record, ennea.io. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/ennea.io [^24]: ennea.io, Wayback Machine capture of November 4, 2024. http://web.archive.org/web/20241104003430id_/https://www.ennea.io/ ; RDAP record, ennea.io. https://rdap.identitydigital.services/rdap/domain/ennea.io

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Annie Jacobsen.md
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@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General investigated the
[^4]: Daniel Pipes, "Those Fourteen Syrians on Northwest Airlines Flight #327," July 13, 2004, quoting Annie Jacobsen, "Terror in the Skies, Again?," WomensWallStreet.com, and her conversation with Dave Adams of the Federal Air Marshal Service. https://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2004/07/those-fourteen-syrians-on-northwest-airlines [^4]: Daniel Pipes, "Those Fourteen Syrians on Northwest Airlines Flight #327," July 13, 2004, quoting Annie Jacobsen, "Terror in the Skies, Again?," WomensWallStreet.com, and her conversation with Dave Adams of the Federal Air Marshal Service. https://www.danielpipes.org/blog/2004/07/those-fourteen-syrians-on-northwest-airlines
[^5]: "Report Confirms Terror Dry Run; Government Handling Hit," *Washington Times*, May 31, 2007, reprinted by Aviation Pros, reporting the redacted Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General report on Northwest Flight 327. https://www.aviationpros.com/home/news/10388457/report-confirms-terror-dry-run-government-handling-hit [^5]: "Report Confirms Terror Dry Run; Government Handling Hit," *Washington Times*, May 31, 2007, reprinted by Aviation Pros, reporting the redacted Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General report on Northwest Flight 327. https://www.aviationpros.com/home/news/10388457/report-confirms-terror-dry-run-government-handling-hit
[^6]: Hachette Book Group, "Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base," description and praise (quoting the *New York Times*). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/area-51/9780316202305/ [^6]: Hachette Book Group, "Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base," description and praise (quoting the *New York Times*). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/area-51/9780316202305/
[^7]: Review of *Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base*, *Publishers Weekly*, reviewed May 16, 2011. https://publishersweekly.com/9780316132947 Sole source for the passages so cited on the Roswell proposal as characterized. [^7]: Review of *Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base*, *Publishers Weekly*, reviewed May 16, 2011. https://publishersweekly.com/9780316132947
[^8]: Hachette Book Group, "Operation Paperclip" title page (description and sources). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/operation-paperclip/9780316221054/ [^8]: Hachette Book Group, "Operation Paperclip" title page (description and sources). https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/annie-jacobsen/operation-paperclip/9780316221054/
[^9]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), publisher's description and table of contents as catalogued by library records and *Publishers Weekly*. https://catalog.sbplibrary.org/Record/34646 [^9]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), publisher's description and table of contents as catalogued by library records and *Publishers Weekly*. https://catalog.sbplibrary.org/Record/34646
[^10]: J. R. Seeger, review of *Surprise, Kill, Vanish*, *Studies in Intelligence* 63, no. 3 (extracts, September 2019), p. 73 ff. https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Review-Surprise-Kill-Vanish.pdf [^10]: J. R. Seeger, review of *Surprise, Kill, Vanish*, *Studies in Intelligence* 63, no. 3 (extracts, September 2019), p. 73 ff. https://cia.gov/resources/csi/static/Review-Surprise-Kill-Vanish.pdf

8
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bobby Ray Inman.md
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@ -297,8 +297,8 @@ Shapiro told Victorian on August 3, 1991: "He met me on one occasion and I reali
[^39]: William J. Clinton Presidential Library, finding aid 2006-0997-F, "Admiral Bobby Ray Inman - PFIAB" (named to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by George H. W. Bush in July 1991; served thirty months). https://www.clintonlibrary.gov/research/archives/finding-aids/2006-0997-f-admiral-bobby-ray-inman-pfiab [^39]: William J. Clinton Presidential Library, finding aid 2006-0997-F, "Admiral Bobby Ray Inman - PFIAB" (named to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by George H. W. Bush in July 1991; served thirty months). https://www.clintonlibrary.gov/research/archives/finding-aids/2006-0997-f-admiral-bobby-ray-inman-pfiab
[^40]: Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (London: Century, 1991), chapter 10 and front matter, read through the archive.org in-book search of the lending copy (acknowledgements; photograph captions; the May 13, 1988 groundbreaking encounter; the July 1989 call; Inman biography stating a July 1990 appointment to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board). https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780712621946 [^40]: Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (London: Century, 1991), chapter 10 and front matter, read through the archive.org in-book search of the lending copy (acknowledgements; photograph captions; the May 13, 1988 groundbreaking encounter; the July 1989 call; Inman biography stating a July 1990 appointment to the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board). https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780712621946
[^41]: Military.com, May 9, 2006, "Ex-NSA Chief Blasts Taps, Calls for CIA Breakup," reporting Inman's remarks at a New York Public Library panel on May 8, 2006. https://www.military.com/defensetech/2006/05/09/ex-nsa-chief-blasts-taps-calls-for-cia-breakup [^41]: Military.com, May 9, 2006, "Ex-NSA Chief Blasts Taps, Calls for CIA Breakup," reporting Inman's remarks at a New York Public Library panel on May 8, 2006. https://www.military.com/defensetech/2006/05/09/ex-nsa-chief-blasts-taps-calls-for-cia-breakup
[^42]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 33-38 (Oechsler-Inman transcript and Inman's comments). Sole source for the transcript as reproduced in this text. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf [^42]: Elizondo and the Hermetic Penetrator, "The Loose Threads Report," Anomaly Archives, 2022, pp. 33-38 (Oechsler-Inman transcript and Inman's comments). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^43]: Armen Victorian, "Curious Liaisons," Lobster, Issue 23 (1992), review of Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (Century, London, 1991). The review quotes Good's chapter 10 (p. 191), Inman's letter to Good of December 18, 1989, Inman's letters to Victorian of July 26 and August 5, 1991, and Victorian's account of the recording and of John Dingley's July 14, 1991 call. https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/?p=7448 [^43]: Armen Victorian, "Curious Liaisons," Lobster, Issue 23 (1992), review of Timothy Good, Alien Liaison (Century, London, 1991). The review quotes Good's chapter 10 (p. 191), Inman's letter to Good of December 18, 1989, Inman's letters to Victorian of July 26 and August 5, 1991, and Victorian's account of the recording and of John Dingley's July 14, 1991 call. https://www.lobster-magazine.co.uk/?p=7448
[^44]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 38-41 (Oechsler's meetings with Sumner Shapiro in 1989 and on June 21, 1990, quoting Timothy Good, Alien Contact). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf [^44]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 38-41 (Oechsler's meetings with Sumner Shapiro in 1989 and on June 21, 1990, quoting Timothy Good, Alien Contact). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^45]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 33-34 and 53 (1985 inaugural ATP meeting notes and the "major engineering project"; Alexander's reply) and p. 48 (Good, Alien Contact, on the Ozark UFO Conference of April 1990 and Tom King; Oechsler, Alien Update, on Ronald Pandolfi). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf [^45]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 33-34 and 53 (1985 inaugural ATP meeting notes and the "major engineering project"; Alexander's reply) and p. 48 (Good, Alien Contact, on the Ozark UFO Conference of April 1990 and Tom King; Oechsler, Alien Update, on Ronald Pandolfi). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf
[^46]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 48-52 (Inman's "underwater vehicles" reply as quoted from a review; the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office passage; Greer and Cameron on Goldwater; the characterization of Victorian). Sole source for the passages so cited. https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf [^46]: Loose Threads Report, pp. 48-52 (Inman's "underwater vehicles" reply as quoted from a review; the National Underwater Reconnaissance Office passage; Greer and Cameron on Goldwater; the characterization of Victorian). https://anomalyarchives.org/wp-content/uploads/PDF-Loose-Threads.pdf

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Bryan Johnson.md
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@ -141,10 +141,10 @@ On November 6, 2024 Johnson wrote on X, in a post timestamped 17:43 UTC: "Congra
[^9]: Planetary Resources, Inc. (CIK 0001656177), Form D/A, accessions 0001656177-16-000002 (May 26, 2016) and 0001656177-16-000003 (November 16, 2016), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656177/000165617716000003/primary_doc.xml [^9]: Planetary Resources, Inc. (CIK 0001656177), Form D/A, accessions 0001656177-16-000002 (May 26, 2016) and 0001656177-16-000003 (November 16, 2016), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1656177/000165617716000003/primary_doc.xml
[^10]: Bryan Johnson (bryan@kernel.co) to Lesley Groff, "Impact Investing Just Doesn't Cut It," October 26, 2018, EFTA00484119, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00484119.pdf ; "Becoming a zero detective," July 20, 2018, EFTA02294943, DataSet 11. [^10]: Bryan Johnson (bryan@kernel.co) to Lesley Groff, "Impact Investing Just Doesn't Cut It," October 26, 2018, EFTA00484119, https://www.justice.gov/epstein/files/DataSet%209/EFTA00484119.pdf ; "Becoming a zero detective," July 20, 2018, EFTA02294943, DataSet 11.
[^11]: KRNL, Inc. (CIK 0001815048), Form D accessions 0001104659-20-077936 (June 29, 2020) and 0001104659-23-122797 (December 1, 2023), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815048/000110465920077936/primary_doc.xml ; "General Catalyst-Backed Kernel Will Use $53M Series C To Tap Into The Human Mind," Crunchbase News, July 9, 2020, https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind (read from the Wayback Machine capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind). KRNL, Inc. is matched to Kernel by address, signer and amount; the filing does not name Kernel. [^11]: KRNL, Inc. (CIK 0001815048), Form D accessions 0001104659-20-077936 (June 29, 2020) and 0001104659-23-122797 (December 1, 2023), https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1815048/000110465920077936/primary_doc.xml ; "General Catalyst-Backed Kernel Will Use $53M Series C To Tap Into The Human Mind," Crunchbase News, July 9, 2020, https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind (read from the Wayback Machine capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2025id_/https://news.crunchbase.com/startups/general-catalyst-backed-kernel-will-use-53m-series-c-to-tap-into-the-human-mind). KRNL, Inc. is matched to Kernel by address, signer and amount; the filing does not name Kernel.
[^12]: Matt Bruenig, "Bryan Johnson's Misrepresentations About Taryn Southern," NLRB Edge, March 21, 2025, https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/bryan-johnsons-misrepresentations . Sole source for the passages so cited on arbitral reasoning; Bruenig is an advocate for the complainants. Johnson's quoted X statement on the agreements is as reported by the Times. [^12]: Matt Bruenig, "Bryan Johnson's Misrepresentations About Taryn Southern," NLRB Edge, March 21, 2025, https://www.nlrbedge.com/p/bryan-johnsons-misrepresentations . Bruenig is an advocate for the complainants. Johnson's quoted X statement on the agreements is as reported by the Times.
[^13]: David Ingram and Bruna Horvath, "Jeffrey Epstein files reveal deep tech ties, from Musk to Gates," NBC News, February 5, 2026, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/jeffrey-epstein-files-reveal-deep-tech-ties-musk-gates-rcna257092 ; Johnson's X posts as reported by UNILAD Tech, February 3, 2026, https://www.uniladtech.com/news/tech-news/bryan-johnson-respond-jeffrey-epstein-emails-revealed-503367-20260203 [^13]: David Ingram and Bruna Horvath, "Jeffrey Epstein files reveal deep tech ties, from Musk to Gates," NBC News, February 5, 2026, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/jeffrey-epstein-files-reveal-deep-tech-ties-musk-gates-rcna257092 ; Johnson's X posts as reported by UNILAD Tech, February 3, 2026, https://www.uniladtech.com/news/tech-news/bryan-johnson-respond-jeffrey-epstein-emails-revealed-503367-20260203
[^14]: Futurism, LLC (CIK 1692611), Form D, accession 0001692611-16-000001, filed December 19, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1692611/000169261116000001/primary_doc.xml [^14]: Futurism, LLC (CIK 1692611), Form D, accession 0001692611-16-000001, filed December 19, 2016, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1692611/000169261116000001/primary_doc.xml
[^15]: Orianna Rosa Royle, Fortune, May 23, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/05/23/bryan-johnson-tech-ceo-spends-2-million-year-young-swapping-blood-17-year-old-son-talmage-70-father/ [^15]: Orianna Rosa Royle, Fortune, May 23, 2023, https://fortune.com/2023/05/23/bryan-johnson-tech-ceo-spends-2-million-year-young-swapping-blood-17-year-old-son-talmage-70-father/
[^16]: Courtney Rehfeldt, "Bryan Johnson raises $60 million for longevity startup Blueprint," AthleteTech News, October 29, 2025, https://athletechnews.com/bryan-johnson-raises-60-million-for-longevity-startup-blueprint [^16]: Courtney Rehfeldt, "Bryan Johnson raises $60 million for longevity startup Blueprint," AthleteTech News, October 29, 2025, https://athletechnews.com/bryan-johnson-raises-60-million-for-longevity-startup-blueprint
[^17]: Gil Duran, "Bryan Johnson, 'Don't Die' Network State Guru, Under Fire," The Nerd Reich, March 28, 2025, https://www.thenerdreich.com/bryan-johnson-dont-die-network-state-guru-under-fire/ . Sole source for the Prospera visit and the characterization of the summit; Duran is a critic of the Network State movement. [^17]: Gil Duran, "Bryan Johnson, 'Don't Die' Network State Guru, Under Fire," The Nerd Reich, March 28, 2025, https://www.thenerdreich.com/bryan-johnson-dont-die-network-state-guru-under-fire/ . Duran is a critic of the Network State movement.
[^18]: Bryan Johnson (@bryan_johnson), X, November 6, 2024, 17:43 UTC, https://x.com/bryan_johnson/status/1854218174948057126 (text read through the X syndication endpoint, https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/tweet-result?id=1854218174948057126) [^18]: Bryan Johnson (@bryan_johnson), X, November 6, 2024, 17:43 UTC, https://x.com/bryan_johnson/status/1854218174948057126 (text read through the X syndication endpoint, https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/tweet-result?id=1854218174948057126)

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/C.B. Scott Jones.md
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@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ The finding aid lists Series 4 (Human Potential Foundation, with subseries for P
[^1]: Archives for the Unexplained, "Jones, C. B. Scott" (reproducing the obituary in the *Kerrville Daily Times*: born February 19, 1928, Emporia, Kansas, to Cecil Beam Jones Sr.; died January 16, 2023), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/jones-c-b-scott/. [^1]: Archives for the Unexplained, "Jones, C. B. Scott" (reproducing the obituary in the *Kerrville Daily Times*: born February 19, 1928, Emporia, Kansas, to Cecil Beam Jones Sr.; died January 16, 2023), https://anomalyarchives.org/collections/file/jones-c-b-scott/.
[^2]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers," COU:4004, biographical note, scope note, and Series 1 and 4 descriptions, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, read in the Wayback Machine capture of June 2024 (the live site blocks automated downloads). [^2]: University of Colorado Boulder Libraries, Rare and Distinctive Collections, "C. B. 'Scott' Jones papers," COU:4004, biographical note, scope note, and Series 1 and 4 descriptions, https://archives.colorado.edu/repositories/2/resources/346, read in the Wayback Machine capture of June 2024 (the live site blocks automated downloads).
[^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones; sole source for the passages so cited (the Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed). [^3]: Robert J. Durant, "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?" (February 20, 1992), CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, https://cia.gov/readingroom/node/1697635; text read at http://www.tricksterbook.com/ArticlesOnline/ScottJonesWhitePaper.pdf. Hostile to Jones. The Graham and Kerby episode rests on Graham's and Jones's statements as relayed by Durant; the "rumors" are unattributed.
[^4]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html. [^4]: Grant Cameron, "Extraterrestrial Politics in the Clinton White House (1993-2001) and the Rockefeller Initiative," note iii, Wayback Machine capture of May 28, 2014, http://web.archive.org/web/20140528091234/http://www.x-ppac.org/OSTP.html.
[^5]: Tom Kelly, "In search of modern Merlins: Psychics gain wider credibility," *Washington Times*, June 26, 1989 (date per archive metadata), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080027-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000200080027-5. [^5]: Tom Kelly, "In search of modern Merlins: Psychics gain wider credibility," *Washington Times*, June 26, 1989 (date per archive metadata), CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080027-5, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00787r000200080027-5.
[^6]: United Press International, "Pell keen on psychic research," July 17, 1988, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/17/Pell-keen-on-psychic-research/3613585115200/. [^6]: United Press International, "Pell keen on psychic research," July 17, 1988, https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/07/17/Pell-keen-on-psychic-research/3613585115200/.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Charles Marsh.md
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@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ No record of formal OSS or CIA employment for Marsh has been identified in acces
An unsigned three-page investigative memo of unknown provenance, circulated among researchers studying [[The Finders]] in the mid-1990s, claims that Marsh introduced [[Marion Pettie]] to CIA-adjacent networks at the [[National Press Club]] after World War II and arranged funding for Virginia farmland purchases on Pettie's behalf, as part of a larger arrangement in which Colonel [[Leonard N. Weigner]] directed Pettie to embed within counterculture movements as an intelligence asset. The memo further claims Marsh arranged counterintelligence training for Pettie, citing Marsh's established Washington intelligence connections; a 1998 Steamshovel Press account adds that Marsh facilitated Pettie's tie to [[William Yandell Elliott]], a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] professor on the [[National Security Council]] planning board and a [[Radio Liberty]] trustee.[^3][^4] An unsigned three-page investigative memo of unknown provenance, circulated among researchers studying [[The Finders]] in the mid-1990s, claims that Marsh introduced [[Marion Pettie]] to CIA-adjacent networks at the [[National Press Club]] after World War II and arranged funding for Virginia farmland purchases on Pettie's behalf, as part of a larger arrangement in which Colonel [[Leonard N. Weigner]] directed Pettie to embed within counterculture movements as an intelligence asset. The memo further claims Marsh arranged counterintelligence training for Pettie, citing Marsh's established Washington intelligence connections; a 1998 Steamshovel Press account adds that Marsh facilitated Pettie's tie to [[William Yandell Elliott]], a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] professor on the [[National Security Council]] planning board and a [[Radio Liberty]] trustee.[^3][^4]
No primary source corroborates this claim. Marsh died on December 30, 1964, years before the counterculture movement took shape as a phenomenon, and before the CIA's domestic surveillance programs of the late 1960s were initiated. His Charles E. Marsh papers at the LBJ Presidential Library and his documented correspondence do not mention Pettie. The anonymous memo is the sole source for this claim.[^1][^3]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Caro, Robert A. *The Path to Power*. Knopf, 1982. Also: Caro, Robert A. *Means of Ascent*. Knopf, 1990. Charles E. Marsh Papers, LBJ Presidential Library, Austin. Finding aid: discoverlbj.org/item/marshce. [^1]: Caro, Robert A. *The Path to Power*. Knopf, 1982. Also: Caro, Robert A. *Means of Ascent*. Knopf, 1990. Charles E. Marsh Papers, LBJ Presidential Library, Austin. Finding aid: discoverlbj.org/item/marshce.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Christopher Mellon.md
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@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ The same query returns further occupation and employer entries. The entries to M
[^5]: Bender, Bryan. "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs." *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900 [^5]: Bender, Bryan. "The Hidden History of How Washington Embraced UFOs." *Politico Magazine,* May 28, 2021. https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/05/28/ufos-secret-history-government-washington-dc-487900
[^6]: [[The Black Vault]], FOIA release of Office of the Secretary of Defense case 18-F-0644, August 2019 (emails of August 23 and 24, 2017 between Luis Elizondo and Michael Russo of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, with the DD Form 1910; the form's text is poorly legible in the scan and is quoted as transcribed in the research notes), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/18-F-0644.pdf ; Joseph Gradisher quoted in "U.S. Navy Confirms Videos Depict Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Not Cleared for Public Release," The Black Vault, September 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-navy-confirms-videos-depict-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-not-cleared-for-public-release/ [^6]: [[The Black Vault]], FOIA release of Office of the Secretary of Defense case 18-F-0644, August 2019 (emails of August 23 and 24, 2017 between Luis Elizondo and Michael Russo of the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review, with the DD Form 1910; the form's text is poorly legible in the scan and is quoted as transcribed in the research notes), https://www.theblackvault.com/casefiles/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/18-F-0644.pdf ; Joseph Gradisher quoted in "U.S. Navy Confirms Videos Depict Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, Not Cleared for Public Release," The Black Vault, September 2019, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/u-s-navy-confirms-videos-depict-unidentified-aerial-phenomena-not-cleared-for-public-release/
[^7]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/). [^7]: U.S. Department of Defense. "Statement by the Department of Defense on the Release of Historical Navy Videos," April 27, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/ (read through the Internet Archive capture, https://web.archive.org/web/2020id_/https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2165713/statement-by-the-department-of-defense-on-the-release-of-historical-navy-videos/).
[^8]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/ (sole source for the statement, made on camera to James Fox; Vice could not verify). [^8]: Banias, MJ. "Ex Intel Official Says He Was the Source of the Pentagon's UFO Videos." *Vice,* October 20, 2020. https://www.vice.com/en/article/this-guy-says-he-was-the-source-of-the-pentagons-ufo-videos/ (the statement was made on camera to James Fox; Vice could not verify).
[^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii. Page numbers are those of the printed index where it lists the passage. [^9]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), Foreword by Christopher Mellon, dated May 16, 2024, pp. xiii to xxii. Page numbers are those of the printed index where it lists the passage.
[^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 180 to 185 (Semivan at pp. 180 to 182 and 184 to 185; Mellon's visit at pp. 183 to 185). [^10]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 180 to 185 (Semivan at pp. 180 to 182 and 184 to 185; Mellon's visit at pp. 183 to 185).
[^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 222 to 224 (deputy staff director at p. 222; the special operations command bill at p. 224). [^11]: Luis Elizondo, *Imminent: Inside the Pentagon's Hunt for UFOs* (New York: William Morrow, 2024), pp. 222 to 224 (deputy staff director at p. 222; the special operations command bill at p. 224).

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/David Morehouse.md
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@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ In 1997, according to the same biography, Morehouse formed Remote Viewing Techno
[^6]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000400300004-7. [^6]: "Will the Real Scott Jones Please Stand Up?," undated memorandum, CIA-RDP96-00792R000400300004-7, read in the archive.org mirror of the CIA FOIA Reading Room STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00792r000400300004-7.
[^7]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program, with footnote on the woman's testimony. [^7]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program, with footnote on the woman's testimony.
[^8]: Schnabel, Jim, "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and Psychic Warrior (Part 1 of 2)," November 7, 1996, and "(Part 2)," originally hosted at psitech.tripod.com, read in the Wayback Machine capture of January 12, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel.html and https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel2.html. [^8]: Schnabel, Jim, "The Truth About Dave Morehouse and Psychic Warrior (Part 1 of 2)," November 7, 1996, and "(Part 2)," originally hosted at psitech.tripod.com, read in the Wayback Machine capture of January 12, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel.html and https://web.archive.org/web/2010/http://psitech.tripod.com/schnabel2.html.
[^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site. Sole source for the passages so cited, apart from the dates in Schnabel's account. [^9]: "Psychic spy speaks on homeland defense," *Pleasanton Weekly*, November 2, 2001, https://www.pleasantonweekly.com/morgue/2001/2001_11_02.psychic2.html, quoting Morehouse's web site.
[^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^10]: Morehouse, David, "Biography," davidmorehouse.com, https://davidmorehouse.com/about/.
[^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, acknowledgments and source notes; Alexander, "Review of Psychic Warrior," https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm. [^11]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, acknowledgments and source notes; Alexander, "Review of Psychic Warrior," https://www.stunned.org/spook/spook/www.psitech.net/morehouse.htm.
[^12]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1. [^12]: May, Edwin, Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, "Re: Publicity and things," September 21, 1995, CIA-RDP96-00791R000100030077-1, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp96-00791r000100030077-1.
[^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program and source notes (citing Fleming 1995 for the film deal). [^13]: Schnabel, *Remote Viewers*, Dell, 1997, chapter on the end of the program and source notes (citing Fleming 1995 for the film deal).

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Donald M. Kerr.md
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ relations:
fn: 1 fn: 1
--- ---
Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], Jeffrey Richelson and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3] Donald M. Kerr, Jr. served in the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] administration as acting director of the defense programs at the [[Department of Energy]], making him responsible for [[America]]'s nuclear bombs. [[Seymour Hersh]], [[Jeffrey Richelson]] and [[Leonard Weiss]] identify him as the head of the secret Nuclear Intelligence Panel (NIP) review of the 1979 [[VELA Satellite]] sighting.[^1][^2] The panel met on February 11 to 13, 1980. Its February 14, 1980 memorandum to the director of central intelligence states that the attached summary of panel views "was prepared by the Panel Chairman, Mr. Louis H. Roddis, Jr."[^1] Hersh wrote that Kerr said, "We had no doubt it was a bomb," and that Kerr believed the [[Jack P. Ruina|Ruina]] panel's mandate was driven by politics "to find a different explanation."[^3]
### Sun Streak ### Sun Streak

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eefje Lambrecks.md
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ The commission's chronology records that on the evening of August 22, 1995, at B
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its placing of the bodies at Sars-la-Buissière, exhumed on September 16, 1996, is contradicted by contemporaneous reporting; it places the hypnosis show at Blankenberge, as does the commission's chronology; *Le Parisien* gives Ostend. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Its placing of the bodies at Sars-la-Buissière, exhumed on September 16, 1996, is contradicted by contemporaneous reporting; it places the hypnosis show at Blankenberge, as does the commission's chronology; *Le Parisien* gives Ostend.
[^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 78-80 and table 7, p. 272; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf [^2]: Chambre des Représentants de Belgique. *Enquête parlementaire sur la manière dont l'enquête, dans ses volets policiers et judiciaires, a été menée dans l'affaire Dutroux-Nihoul et consorts,* rapport, Doc. 713/6-96/97, April 18, 1997, pp. 78-80 and table 7, p. 272; translated from the French. https://www.dekamer.be/FLWB/PDF/49/0713/49K0713006.pdf
[^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php [^3]: Fleury, Elisabeth. "Le calvaire d'An et Eefje." *Le Parisien,* April 5, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.leparisien.fr/faits-divers/le-calvaire-d-an-et-eefje-05-04-2004-2004887724.php
[^4]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/ [^4]: "Nihoul acquitté pour les enlèvements." *La Dernière Heure,* June 17, 2004; translated from the French. https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/2004/06/17/nihoul-acquitte-pour-les-enlevements-MF73NPYQVBC25I2Y6P54BXIQDA/

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Eugene Hasenfus.md
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@ -87,5 +87,5 @@ Hasenfus was tried in Nicaragua and sentenced to 30 years in prison on charges r
[^10]: Warren Richey and George D. Moffett III, "Credibility crisis over downed plane," *The Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/ashot.html, and Marshall Ingwerson, "Contra aid shadow dance," December 15, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1215/atrans.html (Corporate Air Services paychecks). [^10]: Warren Richey and George D. Moffett III, "Credibility crisis over downed plane," *The Christian Science Monitor*, October 10, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1010/ashot.html, and Marshall Ingwerson, "Contra aid shadow dance," December 15, 1986, https://www.csmonitor.com/1986/1215/atrans.html (Corporate Air Services paychecks).
[^11]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Southern Air Transport; $1,935,596). [^11]: Walsh, chapter 8 (Southern Air Transport; $1,935,596).
[^12]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm [^12]: Walsh, chapter 17, "United States v. Clair E. George." https://irp.fas.org/offdocs/walsh/chap_17.htm
[^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved." Sole source for the Fiers quotation and the cover-up passage as carried here. [^13]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998, chapter 18, "We bust our ass and the government's involved."
[^14]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9 [^14]: CIA Office of Congressional Affairs, memorandum for the record, "HPSCI Staff Briefing on Crash of C-123 in Nicaragua," OCA 86-3489, October 16, 1986, paragraph 12. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp90b01390r000400550034-9

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/George Knapp.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
---
aliases:
- George Knapp
- George Knapp (journalist)
- George Knapp (television journalist)
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- InvestigativeJournalist
- LasVegasJournalism
- UFOReporting
- BobLazar
- SkinwalkerRanch
- AAWSAP
- BigelowAerospace
- NIDS
- Weaponized
- MysteryWire
- Nevada
summary: "George Knapp is the chief investigative reporter of KLAS-TV in Las Vegas, whose UFO coverage began with the 1989 Bob Lazar series and who testified before a House task force on September 9, 2025."
location: "Las Vegas, Nevada"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[KLAS-TV]]"
start: "1981"
role: "general assignment reporter from 1981, co-anchor at various times, and chief reporter of the I-Team investigative unit from 1995, per the station biography"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Coast to Coast AM]]"
start: "2007"
role: "weekend host, per the program's host page"
fn: 3
- type: partner_of
with: "[[Jeremy Corbell]]"
start: "2023-01-24"
role: "co-host of the WEAPONIZED podcast, launched by Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment"
fn: 27
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]]"
start: "2025-09-09"
role: "witness at the hearing Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection"
fn: 23
---
George Knapp is a reporter for [[KLAS-TV]], Channel 8 in [[Las Vegas]], where he has worked since 1981 and has been chief reporter of the station's I-Team investigative unit since 1995.[^1] His 1989 series on [[Bob Lazar]] brought the claims about a reverse-engineering facility near [[Area 51]] to television, and he has reported on UFO and government-program subjects for the station ever since. He co-wrote [[Skinwalkers at the Pentagon]] with [[James Lacatski]] and [[Colm Kelleher]], has been a weekend host of [[Coast to Coast AM]] since 2007, and gave written and oral statements to House committees in 2023 and 2025.
### Station career
The station biography states that Knapp moved to Las Vegas in 1979, worked as a taxi driver, and then worked as a part-time studio cameraman and production assistant at [[KLVX-TV]] Channel 10 before KLAS hired him in 1981 as a general assignment reporter.[^1] He has co-anchored newscasts for the station. The biography gives his education as a communications degree from [[West Georgia College]] and a master's degree in communications from the [[University of the Pacific]], where he taught speech and debate and served as director of forensics. It also lists teaching posts at [[California Polytechnic State University]], a debate coaching role at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and a broadcast journalism course at the [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]].[^1]
Since 1995 Knapp has been chief reporter of the Channel 8 I-Team.[^1] The biography credits him with five regional and two national [[Edward R. Murrow Award]] wins for investigative stories, nine [[Associated Press]] Mark Twain awards for newswriting, and 24 regional Emmy Awards. A [[NewsNation]] profile published October 8, 2023 repeats the same counts and gives the Emmys as Pacific Southwest Regional Emmy Awards.[^1][^2] The host page of Coast to Coast AM gives 27 regional Emmy awards.[^3] Knapp told the House Oversight subcommittee in 2023 that he had worked with photographer [[Matt Adams]] on his UFO-related news reports for the previous 22 years.[^4]
On May 1, 2026 KLAS posted a Knapp report on a [[Wall Street Journal]] story alleging that an unnamed Air Force officer, on an unknown date, handed fake UFO photographs to the owners of a bar near Area 51 as a cover story for [[F-117 Nighthawk]] testing. The owners of the bar, interviewed by Knapp, rejected the account, and Knapp's report stated that KLAS and other media had reported the existence of the F-117 as far back as the early 1980s.[^5]
### The 1989 Bob Lazar series
KLAS aired an interview in May 1989 with a man identified on air as "Dennis," shown in silhouette, who described flying discs of extraterrestrial origin. The identity of the interviewee, Bob Lazar, was disclosed in November 1989.[^5][^6] On November 6, 1989 KLAS aired the first part of a nine-part series titled "UFOs: The Best Evidence." The station's 2019 retrospective, in which Knapp looked back on the series, describes it as the highest rated local news series ever aired in Las Vegas and says it "revealed the name of Bob Lazar."[^7] In the retrospective Knapp says the series took nearly eight months to assemble.[^7] The station biography states that in 1990 [[United Press International]] selected his UFO series as the best in the nation for individual achievement by a journalist; the Coast to Coast AM host page dates the same UPI recognition to 1989 and describes it as concerning his reports on Area 51.[^1][^3]
In his 2023 statement to Congress Knapp wrote that in 1989 he began hearing "seemingly-outlandish tidbits regarding crashed saucers, strange materials, and reverse engineering programs" in the Nevada desert, and that the first person he told about this outside his newsroom was [[Harry Reid]], then in his first term in the Senate. He wrote that Reid said he was interested in hearing more, that this began a private two-way conversation "that continued for the next three decades," and that he kept Reid informed of UFO developments and received information from him that he could not otherwise have obtained.[^4]
In his 2025 written testimony Knapp described the 1989 reporting as the start of his work on the subject. He wrote that he reported on Lazar and S-4, "the place out near Area 51" where Lazar said a reverse-engineering program was underway, and that he and [[Robert Stoldal]], then KLAS news director, regarded the story as a risk for the station.[^8] Knapp wrote that Lazar alone was not enough to proceed, and that he appealed on the air for people with knowledge of the program to contact him. He testified that more than two dozen sources spoke to the station, and that six people who spoke with him in succession by telephone in the newsroom were visited the next day by government agents or security personnel from former employers, who in his account told them to keep quiet. He described one of the six, a woman who had worked for a defense contractor, as having been told by two men in suits that "It's a big desert out there. It would be a shame if anything happened to either of you," and he stated that someone had been listening to the phone in his office.[^8]
Knapp testified that the first person he told outside the newsroom about the story was Harry Reid, who said he was interested, and that the two kept a private conversation going for the rest of Reid's life.[^8] A KLAS Mystery Wire page of March 27, 2026 states that Reid's interest dates to the 1980s, when Knapp first discussed the subject with him, and lists Knapp's reporting on Reid from a November 1989 live interview "before the reveal of Bob Lazar" through June 2021.[^9] In April 2026 KLAS posted two pieces on the Amazon Prime film "S4: The Bob Lazar Story," whose director was Luigi Vendittelli; the piece credited to Knapp states that Lazar did not want to take part in another documentary and that the film grew out of four and a half years of exchanges with him.[^6][^10]
### Sources, documents and the Russia files
In his 2025 testimony Knapp stated that what drew him to the subject was the paper trail of FOIA documents, the first of which came to KLAS under the arm of [[John Lear]], son of [[Bill Lear]], who had earlier helped the station break a story on the testing of a radar-invisible aircraft that proved to be the F-117. He testified that he was forwarding the Task Force a list of documents, including a report of the [[Congressional Research Service]].[^8]
He testified about [[Howard Cannon]], the former Nevada senator, whose son Alan told Knapp that his father had said the Roswell story and crash debris were true; Knapp stated that Cannon told him on camera that his friend [[Barry Goldwater]] had sought access to material held at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] and was refused, and that Goldwater confirmed the story to him in correspondence in the early 1990s.[^8] He also testified about [[Al O'Donnell]], first general manager of the [[EG&G]] operation in Las Vegas, who over several months of unrecorded coffee-shop meetings told Knapp that he had been involved in securing a crashed craft, most likely in 1953, held at Indian Springs Air Base (now [[Creech Air Force Base]]), and later a living being. Knapp wrote that O'Donnell then said he had been warned to stop talking to him, and that years later an anonymous source gave a book author a different account of Roswell. Knapp stated: "Al had a reason for changing the story. Someone told him to do it."[^8]
Knapp's 2023 statement describes a 1993 trip to Moscow, arranged over eight months with the assistance of Representative [[Jim Bilbray]] and the Russian physicist [[Nikolai Kapranov]], on which he and two colleagues interviewed more than a dozen Russian military officials, intelligence operatives and scientists.[^4] In that statement he wrote that [[Boris Sokolov]], director of a Ministry of Defense study of UFO reports, said there had been 45 incidents in which Russian warplanes engaged UFOs, and that in three the warplanes crashed and two pilots died. The 2025 written testimony gives the number as 40 incidents.[^4][^8] The 2025 testimony adds that Knapp returned to Moscow in 1996 to interview General Igor Maltsev, who issued the standing order to leave UFOs alone because "they could have incredible capacities for retaliation," and describes an October 1982 incident at a missile base in Ukraine in which, in Sokolov's account, the launch displays illuminated and the missiles became ready to fire after a UFO had been overhead for four hours. Knapp testified that he had given copies of the documents to the Task Force and earlier to [[Bigelow Aerospace Advanced Space Studies]] and the [[Defense Intelligence Agency]], and that the AAWSAP translation team produced a synopsis describing a larger body called Unit 73790.[^8]
### NIDS and Robert Bigelow
In his 2023 statement Knapp wrote that the other person he met in 1989 in connection with the subject was [[Robert Bigelow]], who by his account has spent tens of millions of dollars of his own money on UFO investigations, and that in 1996 Bigelow created the [[National Institute for Discovery Science]] (NIDS) with a science advisory board of PhD-level academics, two former astronauts who had walked on the moon, and scientists who had worked for or consulted with military and intelligence agencies. He wrote that after NIDS began its own investigations he informed Senator Reid about the organization and arranged an introduction, that Reid attended one of the first board meetings, and that the connection between Reid and Bigelow was "directly related to the inquiry you have launched 27 years later." He wrote that after the Moscow trip he shared the information with NIDS, with Reid and with senior staff of the Senate Intelligence Committee.[^4]
The NIDS website as captured by the [[Internet Archive]] on December 6, 2000 lists a Science Advisory Board chaired by [[Warren Burggren]] and including [[Edgar Mitchell]], [[Hal Puthoff]], [[Jessica Utts]] and [[Jacques Vallee]], and a staff of Robert T. Bigelow as president and founder, Colm A. Kelleher as deputy administrator, [[John B. Alexander]] as "Discrete Project Scout," [[Eric Davis]], George E. Onet, Marcel Kuijsten, Mindy Floyd and Connie Fox-VanHorne.[^11] Knapp's name does not appear on the personnel pages of the captures of December 6, 2000, December 14, 2001 and February 4, 2004, or on the mission statement pages of the captures of December 6, 2000 and December 14, 2001.[^11][^12] The earliest capture of the site in the Internet Archive is April 14, 2000.[^11]
### Skinwalker Ranch and the Bigelow contractors
[[Hunt for the Skinwalker]] ([[Paraview Pocket Books]], 2005, ISBN 9781416505211) is catalogued under the name of Colm Kelleher alone; a 2017 audiobook edition from [[Dreamscape Media]] credits Kelleher, George Knapp and David Bendena.[^13] The Coast to Coast AM host page states that Knapp co-authored the book.[^3] The same catalog lists Skinwalkers at the Pentagon, published in 2021 by an independent publisher with Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp as authors (ISBN 9798487639653).[^14]
Records obtained by [[The Black Vault]] under FOIA case 22-F-0035 show that the Skinwalkers at the Pentagon manuscript was submitted to the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review in March 2020, was routed to the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Air Force and the [[Department of Homeland Security]], and was cleared as amended on May 11, 2021. The changes concerned personally identifiable information, protected health information and the names of certain government employees. In an interview on Coast to Coast AM, Kelleher said that the names of active-duty personnel in the book are pseudonyms, including that of one of the four Tic Tac pilots.[^15]
In his 2025 testimony Knapp described Kelleher as the principal manager of the [[Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program]] (AAWSAP) in Las Vegas who had worked for Bigelow, identified Bigelow's company, BAASS, as the awardee of the DIA contract for AAWSAP, and stated that he is a co-author of two books written primarily by Lacatski and Kelleher.[^8]
### AAWSAP reporting and the DIA releases
KLAS posted a Knapp and Adams report on June 28, 2018 on a 2009 letter from Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense [[William Lynn]]. The report states that the letter said the study had focused on "advanced aerospace threats and disruptive aerospace technologies," that it was already a success, and that only 14 people were copied. [[Luis Elizondo]] told the station that the letter was legitimate.[^16] The letter, released by DIA to The Black Vault, is dated June 24, 2009 and is written on the letterhead of the Majority Leader.[^17] A second Knapp and Adams report, originally aired on July 25, 2018, described a presentation by Hal Puthoff, chief scientist for BAASS, in June 2018 as the first public presentation about the study.[^18]
In his 2023 statement Knapp wrote that the December 2017 [[New York Times]] story on the [[Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program]] (AATIP) was accurate in many respects but wrong in stating that the $22 million secured by Reid, [[Daniel Inouye]] and [[Ted Stevens]] funded AATIP. In his account the money went to AAWSAP, a DIA program initiated and managed by Lacatski, whose contract was awarded to a subsidiary of Bigelow Aerospace. He wrote that AAWSAP began in September 2008, employed 50 full-time investigators at one point, compiled a data warehouse of more than 200,000 cases, and produced more than 100 research papers, the first of which concerned the 2004 Tic Tac incident, and that neither Congress nor the public had seen them. He wrote that one condition of the Bigelow contract was a Las Vegas plant able to accept, store and study exotic materials, that Lacatski's requests for access to such materials were met with "harsh rebukes," and that AAWSAP lasted 27 months of a planned five years.[^4]
In his 2025 testimony Knapp attributed the origin of AAWSAP to Lacatski and a DIA colleague, and said that Senator Reid and two other senior senators secured its funding.[^8] He wrote that BAASS hired about fifty investigators, most of them former military or law enforcement, and that the contract produced more than three dozen preliminary Defense Intelligence Reference Documents (DIRDs) and more than 100 further reports.[^8] He put the data holdings at more than 240,000 case files from multiple collections, a database he said was designed and overseen by Jacques Vallee and reportedly used by U.S. agencies since. He said none of the 100-plus reports had been released by DIA, although some had leaked.[^8] A KLAS page of March 27, 2026 credited to John Forest and Knapp states that Reid, Inouye and Stevens began the study in 2007, that it employed nearly fifty scientists at its peak, and that it cost $22 million in total.[^9]
The Black Vault, which has filed FOIA requests on the program since 2018, records that DIA released the contract records for Contract HHM402-08-R-0211 under case FOIA-00349-2018 on October 13, 2022, with 13 pages withheld in full.[^19] The same archive records that DIA completed FOIA-0159-2018 on March 25, 2022, releasing 37 of 38 requested DIRDs and that the one withheld report was appealed.[^19]
Knapp testified in 2025 that in 2023 Lacatski revealed he had been in high-level talks with the Department of Homeland Security about a new program, [[KONA BLUE]], and that during discussions with a U.S. senator and an undersecretary of the department Lacatski said that "the U.S. is in possession of a craft of unknown origin and had successfully gained access to its interior." Knapp testified that Lacatski stated to a senior government official and a sitting senator that the government has at least one UFO.[^8][^20] A passage quoted from the 2023 book Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations places the meeting with a senator and an agency under secretary in 2011.[^20] Knapp also testified that Bigelow and a colleague negotiated with a senior [[Lockheed Martin]] executive for a quantity of material held at a facility in California, that the material's composition suggested manufacture in a zero-gravity environment, and that the agreement was not completed.[^8][^20]
### Congressional statements and testimony
On July 26, 2023 the Subcommittee on National Security, the Border, and Foreign Affairs of the [[House Committee on Oversight and Accountability]] held a hearing titled "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency." The witnesses were [[David Fravor]], [[Ryan Graves]] and [[David Grusch]]. The printed record lists a "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. [[Tim Burchett]]," and the committee repository lists it as a four-page "Statement to Congress" by George Knapp, signed "American Investigative Reporter."[^4][^21][^22] Burchett also entered a DIRD titled "Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Vacuum (spacetime metric) Engineering" into the record and asked for unanimous consent to add statements by Knapp and by [[Jeremy Corbell]], whom he described as not witnesses but as having provided statements on the subject. The request was granted without objection.[^21]
On September 9, 2025 Knapp appeared before the [[Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets]], chaired by [[Anna Paulina Luna]], at a hearing titled "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection." The committee's witness list gives Jeffrey Nuccetelli, Chief Alexandro Wiggins, George Knapp ("UAP Journalist"), Dylan Borland and, as the minority witness, Joe Spielberger of the [[Project On Government Oversight]].[^23] His written statement, headed "For the Record" of the Oversight Committee's hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," identifies him as chief investigative reporter for KLAS-TV, dates his pursuit of the subject to 1987, and states that he does not believe in aliens and that "Belief has nothing to do with it," describing the subject as a news story[^8] He described himself as "not a whistleblower, and not a UFO witness."[^8] In the statement he wrote that Grusch, who testified in 2023, now works for Representative [[Eric Burlison]] as an advisor.[^8]
Asked about a video of an object tracked by an MQ-9 drone off Yemen, which Eric Burlison had played, Knapp said: "Jeremy Corbell and I talked about it in one of our episodes a while back." He said they did not have the video at that time.[^24]
### Peabody, Murrow and Emmy awards
The [[Peabody Awards]] database lists two winners credited to Knapp. The 2008 award went to [[Crossfire: Water, Power and Politics]], a KLAS series on Nevada water and growth, with Knapp as producer and as writer and reporter; the credits name [[Ian Russell]] as co-producer and Matthew Adams as photographer and editor, with Robert Stoldal and Ron Comings as executive producers.[^25] The 2011 award went to Desert Underwater, a two-week series and one-hour special on the Las Vegas housing collapse, with Knapp and Colleen McCarty as producers, writers and reporters, Ian Russell as a third producer, Adams as director, and Ron Comings and Terri Foley as executive producers.[^26] The station biography also credits Knapp with a DuPont Award from [[Columbia University]].[^1]
### Radio, Mystery Wire and the WEAPONIZED podcast
The Coast to Coast AM host page states that Knapp has been a weekend host of the program since 2007.[^3] KLAS launched the Mystery Wire website on November 6, 2019, the 30th anniversary of the first part of "UFOs: The Best Evidence," as an archive of the station's news stories and interviews on UFOs, Area 51, military programs and related subjects.[^7] In April 2026 the station identified Knapp and Ron Futrell as the hosts of Mystery Wire.[^6] NewsNation scheduled a special on Knapp's files, "The UFO Reporter," to begin October 15, 2023.[^2]
Knapp and Corbell host [[Weaponized (podcast)|WEAPONIZED]], a multi-platform investigative podcast that [[Cadence13]] and [[Dark Horse Entertainment]] launched on January 24, 2023 with the stated aim of showing never-before-seen footage and previously suppressed documents.[^27] The program's hosts page lists Knapp among its hosts.[^3] The first part of the episode "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public," Episode 74, was uploaded to Corbell's YouTube channel on April 29, 2025.[^28]
On May 23, 2022 at 9:12 PM Pacific time KLAS posted Knapp's report on the [[UAP Task Force]]. It said that in January 2021 [[Jay Stratton]] "was surprisingly transferred out of the job," and that Stratton "has never spoken publicly about his work and is not commenting now."[^29]
On October 13, 2022 KLAS posted a Knapp report on [[Radiance Technologies]] under the headline "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" The report quotes Radiance president [[Tim Tinsley]] answering a hypothetical request to take apart a UFO: "No, we provide customer solutions." It quotes [[Travis Taylor]] saying he and Stratton were "doing reverse engineering of foreign materials."[^30]
### Footnotes
[^1]: KLAS-TV, "George Knapp," station biography, 8 News Now, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/?p=364.
[^2]: Brian Entin, "The UFO Reporter Part 1: The George Knapp Files," NewsNation, updated October 8, 2023, https://digital-release.newsnationnow.com/space/ufo/ufo-reporter-part-one-george-knapp-files/
[^3]: Coast to Coast AM, "George Knapp," host page (biography: weekend host since 2007; 27 regional Emmy awards; UPI 1989; "co-authored the best selling book Hunt for the Skinwalker"), https://www.coasttocoastam.com/host/george-knapp/ ; hosts page, https://www.coasttocoastam.com/hosts/
[^4]: George Knapp, "Statement to Congress," submitted by Rep. Burchett for the record, hearing of July 26, 2023, 4 pp., House Committee Repository, https://docs.house.gov/meetings/GO/GO06/20230726/116282/HHRG-118-GO06-20230726-SD004.pdf (committee listing: https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116282).
[^5]: George Knapp, "Major newspaper claims Air Force created alien tech stories at Area 51 to mislead public," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 1, 2026, 5:28 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/major-newspaper-claims-air-force-created-alien-tech-stories-at-area-51-to-mislead-public/
[^6]: John Forest, "Bob Lazar's UFO claims gain traction with 'S4' success," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 16, 2026, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/bob-lazars-ufo-claims-gain-traction-with-s4-success/
[^7]: Greg Haas, "Mystery Wire launches 30 years after 'UFOs: The Best Evidence'," KLAS 8 News Now, posted November 6, 2019, 6:58 PM PST, updated November 19, 2019, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/area51/mystery-wire-launches-30-years-after-ufos-the-best-evidence/
[^8]: George Knapp, written testimony "For the Record" of the Committee on Oversight and Accountability, Hearing on "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena," September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/George-Knapp-Written-Testimony.pdf
[^9]: John Forest and George Knapp, "Nevada Senator Harry Reid's hidden interest in UFOs," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted March 27, 2026, 10:25 AM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/nevada-senator-harry-reids-hidden-interest-in-aliens-and-ufos/
[^10]: George Knapp, "Reconstructing the world of Bob Lazar: 'S4' collaboration brings original story to life," KLAS 8 News Now (Mystery Wire), posted April 9, 2026, 5:39 PM PDT, https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/mystery-wire/reconstructing-the-world-of-bob-lazar-s4-collaboration-brings-original-story-to-life/
[^11]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," nidsci.org, Internet Archive capture of December 6, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20001206032200/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html ; site home page capture of April 14, 2000, https://web.archive.org/web/20000414082107/http://www.nidsci.org/
[^12]: National Institute for Discovery Science, "Personnel," Internet Archive captures of December 14, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082825/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html) and February 4, 2004 (https://web.archive.org/web/20040204181441/http://www.nidsci.org/personnel.html); "Mission Statement," captures of December 6, 2000 (https://web.archive.org/web/20001206021500/http://www.nidsci.org/mission.html) and December 14, 2001 (https://web.archive.org/web/20011214082731/http://www.nidsci.org/mission.html).
[^13]: Open Library, work records for "Hunt for the skinwalker" (2005, Paraview Pocket Books, ISBN 9781416505211), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5850693W ; Open Library, "Hunt for the Skinwalker" audio edition (2017, Dreamscape Media, credits Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D, George Knapp, David Bendena), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL24850199W ; Internet Archive catalog record huntforskinwalke0000kell (creator Kelleher, Colm A; New York: Paraview Pocket Books, 2005; xiv, 304 p.), https://archive.org/details/huntforskinwalke0000kell
[^14]: Open Library, work record for "Skinwalkers at the Pentagon" (2021, Independently published, ISBN 9798487639653, credits James T Lacatski, Colm A. Kelleher Ph.D and George Knapp), https://openlibrary.org/works/OL37495767W
[^15]: The Black Vault, "New Documents Detail Slow, Multi-Agency Vetting of 'Skinwalkers at the Pentagon'," posted August 12, 2025 (FOIA case 22-F-0035), https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/new-documents-detail-slow-multi-agency-vetting-of-skinwalkers-at-the-pentagon/
[^16]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "I-Team Exclusive: Nevada senator fought to save secret UFO program," originally posted on 8NewsNow.com June 28, 2018, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/i-team-exclusive-nevada-senator-fought-to-save-secret-ufo-program/
[^17]: Senator Harry Reid to Deputy Secretary of Defense William Lynn, June 24, 2009, released by DIA to The Black Vault, https://documents2.theblackvault.com/documents/dia/AAWSAP/20090624_Reid_to_DEPSECDEF_ref_AAITP_in_SAP.pdf
[^18]: George Knapp and Matt Adams, "EXCLUSIVE: I-Team obtains some key documents related to Pentagon UFO study," originally aired July 25, 2018, KLAS-TV, republished on Mystery Wire September 27, 2019, https://www.mysterywire.com/ufo/exclusive-i-team-obtains-some-key-documents-related-to-pentagon-ufo-study/
[^19]: The Black Vault, "The Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program (AAWSAP) Documentation," originally published April 2022 and updated, https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/the-advanced-aerospace-weapon-system-applications-program-aawsap-documentation/
[^20]: Knapp's September 9, 2025 written testimony (note 4) gives the 2023 Lacatski revelation and the Lockheed negotiation, relying for the Lockheed discussion on a source who was present. The 2011 date is from Keith Basterfield, "Lockheed Martin and BAASS," November 30, 2023, quoting Lacatski, Kelleher and Knapp, Inside the US Government Covert UFO Program: Initial Revelations (2023), https://ufos-scientificresearch.blogspot.com/2023/11/lockheed-martin-and-baass.html
[^21]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, hearing "Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency," July 26, 2023, GovInfo CHRG-118hhrg53022, index entry "Statement for the Record, by George Knapp; submitted by Rep. Burchett," https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-118hhrg53022/html/CHRG-118hhrg53022.htm
[^22]: House Committee Repository, hearing of July 26, 2023, witnesses Fravor, Graves and Grusch and support documents "UC - Burchett - Statement for the Record - George Knapp" and "UC - Burchett - Report - 'The UAP Puzzle' - Jeremy Corbell" (added August 21, 2023), https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116282
[^23]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, hearing page "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, September 9, 2025, 10:00 am, HVC-210, https://oversight.house.gov/hearing/restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency-and-whistleblower-protection/ ; Luna opening remarks, press release of September 9, 2025, https://oversight.house.gov/release/luna-opens-hearing-on-restoring-public-trust-through-uap-transparency/
[^24]: U.S. House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets, hearing "Restoring Public Trust Through UAP Transparency and Whistleblower Protection," September 9, 2025, printed record CHRG-119hhrg61718 (Knapp's oral remarks). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-119hhrg61718/html/CHRG-119hhrg61718.htm
[^25]: The Peabody Awards, "Crossfire: Water, Power and Politics," 2008 winner, https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/crossfire/
[^26]: The Peabody Awards, "Desert Underwater," KLAS-TV, 2011 winner, https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/desert-underwater/
[^27]: Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment, "Cadence13 and Dark Horse Entertainment Launch 'WEAPONIZED' Podcast," https://www.darkhorse.com/newsfeed/cadence13-and-dark-horse-entertainment-launch-weap/
[^28]: Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, "Immaculate Constellation - UFO Whistleblower Goes Public : PART 1 : WEAPONIZED : Episode #74," YouTube, uploaded April 29, 2025 (12:00 PM PDT), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAxI-LDrDqA
[^29]: George Knapp, "More UFO hearings? Congress might consider hearing from these 2 men," KLAS 8 News Now, posted May 23, 2022, 9:12 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/more-ufo-hearings-congress-might-consider-hearing-from-these-2-men/
[^30]: George Knapp, "Is this company working with alien technology in Nevada?" KLAS 8 News Now, posted October 13, 2022, 11:16 PM Pacific time, https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/is-this-company-working-with-alien-technology-in-nevada/

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Gerard Messadie.md
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@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ The [[U.S. Navy]] denied the reports. Messadié's publication drew wide attentio
[^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017. [^1]: Jacobsen, Annie. *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis*. Little, Brown and Company, 2017.
[^2]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31. [^2]: Ebon, Martin. *Psychic Warfare: Threat or Illusion?* McGraw-Hill, 1983, chapter 3, pp. 29-31.
[^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2. [^3]: Newsletter of the Parapsychology Foundation, "Nautilus Hoax Exposed," vol. 10, no. 6, November-December 1963, citing This Week, September 8, 1963. NSA-RDP96X00790R000100040002-2, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/nsa-rdp96x00790r000100040002-2.
[^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Schnabel, Jim. *Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies*. Dell, 1997, pp. 90-93.
[^5]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^5]: Tsykunov, I. V. "От фантазии к реальности: как история «Наутилуса» открыла гонку сверхъестественных вооружений между СССР и США" [From fantasy to reality: how the story of the Nautilus opened the race for supernatural weapons between the USSR and the USA]. Aliter, no. 20 (2023), pp. 34-55. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ot-fantazii-k-realnosti-kak-istoriya-nautilusa-otkryla-gonku-sverhestestvennyh-vooruzheniy-mezhdu-sssr-i-ssha.

27
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Henry A. Kissinger.md
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@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ aliases:
- Henry Kissinger - Henry Kissinger
- Kissinger - Kissinger
created: 2026-05-14 created: 2026-05-14
updated: 2026-09-22 updated: 2026-10-09
category: "Intelligence & Government" category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags: tags:
- KeyFigure - KeyFigure
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ tags:
- ColdWar - ColdWar
- 1960s - 1960s
- 1970s - 1970s
summary: "Henry A. Kissinger served as National Security Advisor (1969-1975) and Secretary of State (1973-1977) under Nixon and Ford, and endorsed Israel's covert nuclear weapons program at Dimona while privately advocating that Japan and Israel were better served by having the bomb than submitting to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty." summary: "National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford who endorsed Israel's nuclear program at Dimona and privately argued that Japan and Israel were better served by the bomb than the Non-Proliferation Treaty."
born: 1923-05-27 born: 1923-05-27
died: 2023-11-29 died: 2023-11-29
location: "Fürth, Germany" location: "Fürth, Germany"
@ -27,6 +27,18 @@ relations:
role: "director, Special Studies Project" role: "director, Special Studies Project"
end: 1958-06-30 end: 1958-06-30
fn: ssp fn: ssp
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "attended some sessions, Quantico I"
start: 1955-06-05
end: 1955-06-10
fn: qp3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "panel member, Quantico II"
start: 1955-08
end: 1955-11
fn: qp1
--- ---
Henry A. Kissinger was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the [[United States Secretary of State]] and National Security Advisor under Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]]. In the fall of 1967, while a [[Harvard University]] professor and consultant on [[Vietnam]] to the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration, Kissinger visited [[Tel Aviv]] to teach for a week at the Israeli Defense College. At the end of his course, he went to [[William N. Dale]]'s office in the embassy and sent an urgent, top-secret message to the [[White House]], warning about [[Dimona]] and concluding that [[Israel]] was making nuclear warheads.[^1] Henry A. Kissinger was an American diplomat and political scientist who served as the [[United States Secretary of State]] and National Security Advisor under Presidents [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Gerald R. Ford]]. In the fall of 1967, while a [[Harvard University]] professor and consultant on [[Vietnam]] to the [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administration, Kissinger visited [[Tel Aviv]] to teach for a week at the Israeli Defense College. At the end of his course, he went to [[William N. Dale]]'s office in the embassy and sent an urgent, top-secret message to the [[White House]], warning about [[Dimona]] and concluding that [[Israel]] was making nuclear warheads.[^1]
@ -47,9 +59,13 @@ Kissinger's academic career at Harvard ran from 1951 to 1971, with a leave of ab
The Harvard International Seminar received funding from at least three [[CIA]] cutouts, including [[The Asia Foundation]], [[The Fairfield Foundation]], and [[American Friends of the Middle East]], the last of which channeled approximately $243,000 to the program. After CIA funding was publicly exposed in 1967, the [[Ford Foundation]] assumed financial support for the program.[^seminar] The Harvard International Seminar received funding from at least three [[CIA]] cutouts, including [[The Asia Foundation]], [[The Fairfield Foundation]], and [[American Friends of the Middle East]], the last of which channeled approximately $243,000 to the program. After CIA funding was publicly exposed in 1967, the [[Ford Foundation]] assumed financial support for the program.[^seminar]
### Quantico Panels, 1955
Kissinger attended some sessions of the first [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]] at the Marine Corps Schools in June 1955, as did members of the State and Defense departments and the Central Intelligence Agency.[^qp3] On August 16, 1955, [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited him, then a Harvard academic, to a second panel on the psychological aspects of future United States strategy, which is called Quantico II in the record.[^qp1] The panel's twelve members met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September, with [[Frederick L. Anderson]] designated chairman.[^qp1] Kissinger took the place of [[Hans Speier]], who had planned a trip to Germany for the [[Rand Corporation]]. [[Daniel Bessner]] describes the meeting as crucial to Kissinger's career, and states that Rockefeller became his political patron after it.[^qp4] The [[Rockefeller Archive Center]] describes its folder of Kissinger's Spring 1980 interview in the Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers as stating that Kissinger "met Nelson Rockefeller while serving on the staff of the Quantico II conference in the mid-1950s"; Bessner, citing Isaacson, places the two men's first meeting at the first panel.[^qp5][^qp4] Kissinger's paper "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR" appears in the November 1955 source book, which the panel submitted on November 29, 1955.[^qp1][^qp2]
### Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project ### Rockefeller Brothers Fund Special Studies Project
Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by [[Nelson Rockefeller]] that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies. Kissinger served as director of the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] Special Studies Project, a policy planning initiative convened by Nelson Rockefeller that ran from 1956 to 1960, with the final publication appearing in 1961. The project produced a volume entitled *Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports* (Doubleday, 1961), which sold over 400,000 copies.
The project was organized into seven panels examining sweeping strategic and domestic issues. [[Dean Rusk]] chaired Panel I (International Objectives and Strategies). Kissinger, director of the whole project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, directed the report of Panel II (International Security: The Military Aspect), whose members included [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[Townsend Hoopes]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Henry Luce]], and [[Laurance Rockefeller]]. Panel III (International Economic and Social Objectives) was chaired by [[Milton Katz]]. Panel IV (U.S. Economic and Social Policy) was chaired by [[Thomas B. McCabe]]. Panel V (U.S. Utilization of Human Resources) was chaired by [[John W. Gardner]]. Panel VI (U.S. Democratic Process) was chaired by [[James A. Perkins]]. Panel VII (The Moral Framework of National Purpose), chaired by [[Richard McKeon]], produced a report by [[Robert Heilbroner]] that was not published.[^ssp] The project was organized into seven panels examining sweeping strategic and domestic issues. [[Dean Rusk]] chaired Panel I (International Objectives and Strategies). Kissinger, director of the whole project until his resignation on June 30, 1958, directed the report of Panel II (International Security: The Military Aspect), whose members included [[Roswell Gilpatric]], [[Townsend Hoopes]], [[Edward Teller]], [[Henry Luce]], and [[Laurance Rockefeller]]. Panel III (International Economic and Social Objectives) was chaired by [[Milton Katz]]. Panel IV (U.S. Economic and Social Policy) was chaired by [[Thomas B. McCabe]]. Panel V (U.S. Utilization of Human Resources) was chaired by [[John W. Gardner]]. Panel VI (U.S. Democratic Process) was chaired by [[James A. Perkins]]. Panel VII (The Moral Framework of National Purpose), chaired by [[Richard McKeon]], produced a report by [[Robert Heilbroner]] that was not published.[^ssp]
@ -132,3 +148,8 @@ Beginning in January 1969, Kissinger had his telephone conversations transcribed
[^c2]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29. [^c2]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29.
[^c3]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 24. [^c3]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 24.
[^friele]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29; Rockefeller Archive Center, Berent Friele Papers (FA468). [^friele]: Colby and Dennett, Ch. 29; Rockefeller Archive Center, Berent Friele Papers (FA468).
[^qp1]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Lists "Dr. Henry A. Kissinger of Harvard University" among the twelve invited on August 16, 1955.
[^qp2]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Contents, paper 16, "Psychological and Pressure Aspects of Negotiations with the USSR," by Henry A. Kissinger.
[^qp3]: Daniel Morris Bessner, "The Night Watchman: Hans Speier and the Making of the American National Security State" (PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2013), p. 261 and note 129, citing Gordon H. Chang, *Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972* (Stanford University Press, 1990), p. 151. Bessner's note 129 is on his list of the eleven members: it states that Henry Kissinger attended some sessions, as did members of the State and Defense Departments, the CIA, the Operations Coordinating Board and the NSC.
[^qp4]: Bessner, "The Night Watchman," pp. 264-265 and note 146, citing Walter Isaacson, *Kissinger: A Biography* (Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 90-91, on the two men's earlier contact at the first panel.
[^qp5]: Rockefeller Archive Center, Nelson A. Rockefeller personal papers, Hugh Morrow Interviews, Series Q, Subseries 2, "Henry Kissinger Interview," Spring 1980, scope note, https://dimes.rockarch.org/collections/H45i6yf7MUHuaRwQVupvg5.

107
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Howard Hughes.md
View file

@ -41,6 +41,12 @@ relations:
role: "personal representative and head of Nevada operations" role: "personal representative and head of Nevada operations"
end: 1970-12-05 end: 1970-12-05
fn: 3 fn: 3
- type: owned
with: "[[KLAS-TV]]"
start: 1968
end: 1978
role: "buyer of the Las Vegas CBS affiliate on channel 8 in the FCC approval of February 14, 1968 (station record names Hughes Tool Company); the Hughes estate sold it, with FCC approval May 15, 1978"
fn: 11
- type: represented - type: represented
with: "[[Chester Davis]]" with: "[[Chester Davis]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
@ -55,19 +61,19 @@ relations:
with: "[[Robert R. Mullen Company]]" with: "[[Robert R. Mullen Company]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "Washington public relations under Robert Bennett" role: "Washington public relations under Robert Bennett"
fn: 21 fn: 25
- type: contractor_to - type: contractor_to
with: "[[Intertel]]" with: "[[Intertel]]"
reverse: true reverse: true
role: "security and management consultants, Nevada casinos" role: "security and management consultants, Nevada casinos"
start: 1970-12 start: 1970-12
fn: 17 fn: 21
- type: funded - type: funded
with: "[[Bebe Rebozo]]" with: "[[Bebe Rebozo]]"
role: "100,000 dollars in cash delivered by Richard Danner, returned in June 1973" role: "100,000 dollars in cash delivered by Richard Danner, returned in June 1973"
start: 1969-09 start: 1969-09
end: 1973-06 end: 1973-06
fn: 11 fn: 15
- type: subject_of - type: subject_of
with: "[[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities]]" with: "[[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities]]"
role: "requested to testify; subpoena approved but never served" role: "requested to testify; subpoena approved but never served"
@ -76,13 +82,13 @@ relations:
with: "[[Project Azorian]]" with: "[[Project Azorian]]"
role: "Hughes Tool Company named as owner of the Hughes Glomar Explorer" role: "Hughes Tool Company named as owner of the Hughes Glomar Explorer"
start: 1971-04 start: 1971-04
fn: 25 fn: 30
- type: relative_of - type: relative_of
with: "[[Annette Gano Lummis]]" with: "[[Annette Gano Lummis]]"
role: "nephew" role: "nephew"
fn: 1 fn: 1
created: 2026-10-01 created: 2026-10-01
updated: 2026-10-01 updated: 2026-10-09
--- ---
Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was born on December 24, 1905, and died on April 5, 1976, aboard an aircraft on the way to [[Houston, Texas|Houston]].[^1] His father invented and patented the modern oil-drill bit, which was leased for 30,000 dollars a well; Hughes inherited a majority interest in the company at nineteen and bought out his relatives. In December 1970 his holdings in oil-drilling equipment, aerospace, electronics, airlines, communications and real estate were privately owned and not subject to public reporting requirements, and *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* estimated their value at 1.4 billion to 2 billion dollars. Hughes companies then employed about 65,000 people, and the [[Hughes Tool Company]] held about 60 percent of the world market for drill bits.[^2] Hughes Tool, later renamed [[Summa Corporation]], was the holding company for most of the holdings, and Hughes was its sole owner.[^3] Howard Robard Hughes Jr. was born on December 24, 1905, and died on April 5, 1976, aboard an aircraft on the way to [[Houston, Texas|Houston]].[^1] His father invented and patented the modern oil-drill bit, which was leased for 30,000 dollars a well; Hughes inherited a majority interest in the company at nineteen and bought out his relatives. In December 1970 his holdings in oil-drilling equipment, aerospace, electronics, airlines, communications and real estate were privately owned and not subject to public reporting requirements, and *[[Time (magazine)|Time]]* estimated their value at 1.4 billion to 2 billion dollars. Hughes companies then employed about 65,000 people, and the [[Hughes Tool Company]] held about 60 percent of the world market for drill bits.[^2] Hughes Tool, later renamed [[Summa Corporation]], was the holding company for most of the holdings, and Hughes was its sole owner.[^3]
@ -107,68 +113,74 @@ In 1944 the [[Civil Aeronautics Board]] approved control of [[Trans World Airlin
Hughes moved to [[Las Vegas]] in November 1966, and Maheu contracted through his own company to manage the hotels, casinos and other properties Hughes began to acquire, reporting to Hughes rather than to the executives of Hughes Tool.[^9] *Time* noted that [[Nevada]] had no inheritance taxes. Hughes lived for four years in the penthouse of the [[Desert Inn]]; by 1970 his Nevada holdings, valued by *Time* at 300 million dollars, included the Desert Inn, the [[Sands Hotel|Sands]], the [[Landmark Hotel|Landmark]], the [[Frontier Hotel|Frontier]] and the [[Castaways Hotel|Castaways]], the [[Silver Slipper Casino|Silver Slipper]], [[Harolds Club]] in [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]], the [[North Las Vegas Airport]] and the regional airline renamed [[Hughes Air West]]. Roselli held a gift-shop lease at the Frontier and said he had collected a finder's fee when the Desert Inn was sold to Hughes. State officials examining the books of the Sands in the summer of 1970 found 186,000 dollars in markers, some signed with fictitious names, which Hughes's managers wished to write off as bad debts and which the officials refused to allow. Hughes became suspicious of his Las Vegas employees in February 1970 after a tip from federal investigators examining kickbacks and skimming in the Nevada operation.[^2] Hughes moved to [[Las Vegas]] in November 1966, and Maheu contracted through his own company to manage the hotels, casinos and other properties Hughes began to acquire, reporting to Hughes rather than to the executives of Hughes Tool.[^9] *Time* noted that [[Nevada]] had no inheritance taxes. Hughes lived for four years in the penthouse of the [[Desert Inn]]; by 1970 his Nevada holdings, valued by *Time* at 300 million dollars, included the Desert Inn, the [[Sands Hotel|Sands]], the [[Landmark Hotel|Landmark]], the [[Frontier Hotel|Frontier]] and the [[Castaways Hotel|Castaways]], the [[Silver Slipper Casino|Silver Slipper]], [[Harolds Club]] in [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]], the [[North Las Vegas Airport]] and the regional airline renamed [[Hughes Air West]]. Roselli held a gift-shop lease at the Frontier and said he had collected a finder's fee when the Desert Inn was sold to Hughes. State officials examining the books of the Sands in the summer of 1970 found 186,000 dollars in markers, some signed with fictitious names, which Hughes's managers wished to write off as bad debts and which the officials refused to allow. Hughes became suspicious of his Las Vegas employees in February 1970 after a tip from federal investigators examining kickbacks and skimming in the Nevada operation.[^2]
Hughes's purchases drew the [[Department of Justice]]. In 1968, after Hughes had promised the [[Nevada Gaming Commission]] that the [[Stardust Resort and Casino|Stardust]] would be his last major acquisition, the department's [[Antitrust Division]] prepared a civil complaint against the purchase, signed by Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] and scheduled for filing in late June 1968; Hughes's representatives postponed the merger shortly before it was to be filed. The Landmark, presented as a failing company, was approved in writing on January 17, 1969.[^10] In October 1967 an application for FCC approval of the sale of [[KLAS-TV]], the Las Vegas CBS affiliate on channel 8, by [[Hank Greenspun]] and the [[Las Vegas Sun]] to Hughes was on file at a price of about $4.5 million. Greenspun gave financial difficulties as his reason, citing losses from a 1964 fire that destroyed the Sun building. The trade report describes Hughes as having been acquiring hotels and properties in Las Vegas during the preceding year.[^10] The FCC approved the transfer on February 14, 1968, according to the station record, which names the buyer as Hughes Tool Company; Broadcasting reported the same approval the following week and named Hughes personally, identifying him as the owner of Hughes Tool Company and of real estate in the Las Vegas area, with a price of $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations, estimated at about $4.5 million.[^11][^12] A 2018 KLAS report by [[George Knapp]] states that the money Hughes spent in Las Vegas is how he purchased Channel 8 in 1968.[^13]
Hughes's purchases drew the [[Department of Justice]]. In 1968, after Hughes had promised the [[Nevada Gaming Commission]] that the [[Stardust Resort and Casino|Stardust]] would be his last major acquisition, the department's [[Antitrust Division]] prepared a civil complaint against the purchase, signed by Attorney General [[Ramsey Clark]] and scheduled for filing in late June 1968; Hughes's representatives postponed the merger shortly before it was to be filed. The Landmark, presented as a failing company, was approved in writing on January 17, 1969.[^14]
Maheu testified that he was consulted on which political leaders Hughes should support, that Hughes knew of and approved all political contributions, and that Hughes saw them as ensuring access and influence. By 1969 Hughes's cash contributions were drawn from the Silver Slipper, which Hughes owned as a sole proprietorship. A memorandum from Hughes to Maheu, undated, found in the files of the [[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities|Senate Watergate committee]], reads in part: "Bob, as soon as this predicament is settled, I want you to go see Nixon as my special confidential emissary. I feel there is a really valid possibility of a Republican victory this year. If that could be realized under our sponsorship and supervision every inch of the way then we would be ready to follow with Gov. [[Paul Laxalt]] as our next candidate."[^9] Maheu testified that he was consulted on which political leaders Hughes should support, that Hughes knew of and approved all political contributions, and that Hughes saw them as ensuring access and influence. By 1969 Hughes's cash contributions were drawn from the Silver Slipper, which Hughes owned as a sole proprietorship. A memorandum from Hughes to Maheu, undated, found in the files of the [[Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities|Senate Watergate committee]], reads in part: "Bob, as soon as this predicament is settled, I want you to go see Nixon as my special confidential emissary. I feel there is a really valid possibility of a Republican victory this year. If that could be realized under our sponsorship and supervision every inch of the way then we would be ready to follow with Gov. [[Paul Laxalt]] as our next candidate."[^9]
### The Contribution to Bebe Rebozo ### The Contribution to Bebe Rebozo
[[Richard Danner]] had been the FBI special agent in charge in Miami from 1940 to 1946, when he left to manage the first congressional campaign of [[George Smathers]]; after the 1950 election he introduced Senator-elect [[Richard Nixon]] to [[Bebe Rebozo]] at [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]. Danner testified that in 1968 Nixon or Rebozo asked him to learn whether Hughes would contribute to the campaign, and that Rebozo suggested he raise it with [[Edward P. Morgan]], who represented Hughes. Maheu said Hughes approved 50,000 dollars in cash, seeing a contribution through Rebozo as a means of ensuring access to Nixon. On September 9, 1968 Maheu received 150,000 dollars in two checks from the Hughes executive [[Nadine Henley]], to be used in part for a contribution to Nixon. Danner, Rebozo and Morgan met for breakfast on September 11, 1968. Rebozo testified that he was uneasy about taking cash from Hughes through Morgan because of the 1956 loan from Hughes to [[F. Donald Nixon]], the candidate's brother, and because Morgan represented [[Drew Pearson]]; the [[White House]] denied that Nixon had discussed a Hughes contribution with Danner, and Danner's diary recorded a call from the candidate "re finances" on September 27, 1968. In December 1968 Maheu received 100,000 dollars in cash, 50,000 of which he tried to deliver to the President-elect or an aide at [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]].[^9][^11] [[Richard Danner]] had been the FBI special agent in charge in Miami from 1940 to 1946, when he left to manage the first congressional campaign of [[George Smathers]]; after the 1950 election he introduced Senator-elect [[Richard Nixon]] to [[Bebe Rebozo]] at [[Key Biscayne, Florida|Key Biscayne]]. Danner testified that in 1968 Nixon or Rebozo asked him to learn whether Hughes would contribute to the campaign, and that Rebozo suggested he raise it with [[Edward P. Morgan]], who represented Hughes. Maheu said Hughes approved 50,000 dollars in cash, seeing a contribution through Rebozo as a means of ensuring access to Nixon. On September 9, 1968 Maheu received 150,000 dollars in two checks from the Hughes executive [[Nadine Henley]], to be used in part for a contribution to Nixon. Danner, Rebozo and Morgan met for breakfast on September 11, 1968. Rebozo testified that he was uneasy about taking cash from Hughes through Morgan because of the 1956 loan from Hughes to [[F. Donald Nixon]], the candidate's brother, and because Morgan represented [[Drew Pearson]]; the [[White House]] denied that Nixon had discussed a Hughes contribution with Danner, and Danner's diary recorded a call from the candidate "re finances" on September 27, 1968. In December 1968 Maheu received 100,000 dollars in cash, 50,000 of which he tried to deliver to the President-elect or an aide at [[Palm Springs, California|Palm Springs]].[^9][^15]
Danner joined the Hughes organization in February 1969. The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities found that the first delivery of 50,000 dollars to Rebozo took place on September 11 or 12, 1969 at Key Biscayne; Rebozo later moved the date to 1970, and Danner changed his testimony after consulting Rebozo. The committee listed four possible delivery dates (September 11-12, 1969; July 3, 1970; August 19-20, 1970; and October 28-30, 1970) and four possible packets of cash, from the Sands in early December 1968, from Henley on December 5, 1968 and July 11, 1969, and from the Hughes lawyer Thomas Bell out of the Silver Slipper on October 26, 1970.[^11] Asked about a trip to Key Biscayne, made with Maheu, that he had once taken to be the occasion of a delivery, Danner testified: "My recollection of the reason for that trip was to contact Mr. Rebozo and discuss the dumping of the nerve gas."[^12] Danner insisted that the money was requested for the 1970 congressional campaigns; Maheu testified that the first payment fulfilled the 1968 pledge and that the second was to ensure the Hughes people "an entree with the Nixon administration"; Rebozo testified that it was for the 1972 presidential campaign.[^13] Danner joined the Hughes organization in February 1969. The Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities found that the first delivery of 50,000 dollars to Rebozo took place on September 11 or 12, 1969 at Key Biscayne; Rebozo later moved the date to 1970, and Danner changed his testimony after consulting Rebozo. The committee listed four possible delivery dates (September 11-12, 1969; July 3, 1970; August 19-20, 1970; and October 28-30, 1970) and four possible packets of cash, from the Sands in early December 1968, from Henley on December 5, 1968 and July 11, 1969, and from the Hughes lawyer Thomas Bell out of the Silver Slipper on October 26, 1970.[^15] Asked about a trip to Key Biscayne, made with Maheu, that he had once taken to be the occasion of a delivery, Danner testified: "My recollection of the reason for that trip was to contact Mr. Rebozo and discuss the dumping of the nerve gas."[^16] Danner insisted that the money was requested for the 1970 congressional campaigns; Maheu testified that the first payment fulfilled the 1968 pledge and that the second was to ensure the Hughes people "an entree with the Nixon administration"; Rebozo testified that it was for the 1972 presidential campaign.[^17]
In the same period the books of Hughes Tool recorded other political money handled by Maheu. A check for 50,000 dollars dated May 13, 1969 was payable to Robert A. Maheu Associates, with a receipt marked "Nevada and L.V. local," which [[Chester Davis]] said the testimony of Henley identified as being for state and local contributions; Davis declined to produce an accountants' list of cash withdrawals from the Silver Slipper as the work product of litigation.[^14] In Maheu's later libel case, Summa pointed to 100,000 dollars Maheu received from Hughes's personal bank account in May 1970 "ostensibly for political contributions," of which about 13,000 dollars was so used and 87,000 dollars carried on Maheu's books as a debt to Hughes; to 59,000 dollars taken from the Silver Slipper in December 1969; and to "the disappearance of 50,000 dollars, an alleged cash contribution for former Vice-President [[Hubert Humphrey|Humphrey]]." Maheu testified that he delivered the Humphrey money in cash "by leaving it in an attache case in his limousine."[^3] In the same period the books of Hughes Tool recorded other political money handled by Maheu. A check for 50,000 dollars dated May 13, 1969 was payable to Robert A. Maheu Associates, with a receipt marked "Nevada and L.V. local," which [[Chester Davis]] said the testimony of Henley identified as being for state and local contributions; Davis declined to produce an accountants' list of cash withdrawals from the Silver Slipper as the work product of litigation.[^18] In Maheu's later libel case, Summa pointed to 100,000 dollars Maheu received from Hughes's personal bank account in May 1970 "ostensibly for political contributions," of which about 13,000 dollars was so used and 87,000 dollars carried on Maheu's books as a debt to Hughes; to 59,000 dollars taken from the Silver Slipper in December 1969; and to "the disappearance of 50,000 dollars, an alleged cash contribution for former Vice-President [[Hubert Humphrey|Humphrey]]." Maheu testified that he delivered the Humphrey money in cash "by leaving it in an attache case in his limousine."[^3]
### The Dunes ### The Dunes
In early 1970 Hughes instructed Maheu to negotiate the purchase of the [[Dunes Hotel]]. Maheu said Hughes told him to send Danner, then manager of the Frontier, directly to Attorney General [[John Mitchell]], whom Danner knew from the 1968 campaign. Danner met Mitchell on March 19, 1970; he testified that Mitchell said, "From our review of these figures, we see no problem. Why don't you go ahead with the negotiations," and that the purchase "met the guidelines." Danner and Maheu were both registered at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington that day, and Maheu recalled being told that the case "was taken care of in Washington and there would be no interference beyond that." Records of the Sonesta Beach Hotel in Key Biscayne show Danner and Maheu registered there from March 20 to 22, 1970; Mitchell left [[Union Station]] in Washington by train for Florida at 3:30 p.m. on March 20. On March 26, unaware of the oral approval, the head of the Antitrust Division, [[Richard McLaren]], wrote Mitchell a memorandum on the Dunes; McLaren said he never met Danner and knew of no approval. On November 24, 1970, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Mitchell a memorandum, still unexplained when the committee reported, stating that Hughes had renewed his interest in the Dunes. The purchase fell through for financial reasons. The committee concluded that, except for that collapse, "this is a classic case of governmental decision-making for friends."[^10] In early 1970 Hughes instructed Maheu to negotiate the purchase of the [[Dunes Hotel]]. Maheu said Hughes told him to send Danner, then manager of the Frontier, directly to Attorney General [[John Mitchell]], whom Danner knew from the 1968 campaign. Danner met Mitchell on March 19, 1970; he testified that Mitchell said, "From our review of these figures, we see no problem. Why don't you go ahead with the negotiations," and that the purchase "met the guidelines." Danner and Maheu were both registered at the [[Madison Hotel]] in Washington that day, and Maheu recalled being told that the case "was taken care of in Washington and there would be no interference beyond that." Records of the Sonesta Beach Hotel in Key Biscayne show Danner and Maheu registered there from March 20 to 22, 1970; Mitchell left [[Union Station]] in Washington by train for Florida at 3:30 p.m. on March 20. On March 26, unaware of the oral approval, the head of the Antitrust Division, [[Richard McLaren]], wrote Mitchell a memorandum on the Dunes; McLaren said he never met Danner and knew of no approval. On November 24, 1970, [[J. Edgar Hoover]] sent Mitchell a memorandum, still unexplained when the committee reported, stating that Hughes had renewed his interest in the Dunes. The purchase fell through for financial reasons. The committee concluded that, except for that collapse, "this is a classic case of governmental decision-making for friends."[^14]
*Time* reported in October 1973 that the committee intended to examine Maheu's reported allegation that the gifts to Rebozo were meant to buy influence on two federal decisions: the Civil Aeronautics Board's approval in July 1969 of the purchase of Air West, and the cancellation by the Justice Department in the late summer of 1970 of an antitrust action against further casino purchases.[^15] Committee counsel put the question to Davis in executive session on December 4, 1973 in four forms: whether the two 50,000 dollar payments related to the pending acquisition of the Dunes and Justice Department approval of it; to the purchase of Air West and government approval of it; to Hughes's desire to have nerve gas dumped in the Atlantic Ocean; and to any position Hughes took on the anti-ballistic missile system. Davis answered "None whatever" to each.[^14] *Time* reported in October 1973 that the committee intended to examine Maheu's reported allegation that the gifts to Rebozo were meant to buy influence on two federal decisions: the Civil Aeronautics Board's approval in July 1969 of the purchase of Air West, and the cancellation by the Justice Department in the late summer of 1970 of an antitrust action against further casino purchases.[^19] Committee counsel put the question to Davis in executive session on December 4, 1973 in four forms: whether the two 50,000 dollar payments related to the pending acquisition of the Dunes and Justice Department approval of it; to the purchase of Air West and government approval of it; to Hughes's desire to have nerve gas dumped in the Atlantic Ocean; and to any position Hughes took on the anti-ballistic missile system. Davis answered "None whatever" to each.[^18]
### Departure and Intertel ### Departure and Intertel
A few minutes before ten o'clock on Thanksgiving Eve, November 25, 1970, Hughes left the Desert Inn by an interior fire escape, was driven to North Las Vegas Airport and flew in a Hughes Tool jet to the [[Bahamas]]. By the next day he occupied a ninth-floor suite of the [[Britannia Beach Hotel]] on [[Paradise Island]], held for him for more than a year; nearly all of Paradise Island was owned by [[Resorts International]], which *Time* reported Hughes had reputedly tried to buy the year before for 85 million dollars. Eighty-four hours passed before the guards at the Desert Inn discovered he was gone. The Hughes Tool executives [[Raymond Holliday]] and [[Frank Gay|Frank W. Gay]] and the lawyer Chester Davis gathered at the [[Century Plaza Hotel]] in Los Angeles, summoned a Maheu aide and demanded Maheu's resignation; Maheu obtained a court order and the undersheriff searched the empty penthouse. Hughes then telephoned Governor Paul Laxalt and the district attorney at 1:30 a.m. to say he wanted Maheu fired.[^2] Hughes discharged Maheu on December 5, 1970.[^3] A few minutes before ten o'clock on Thanksgiving Eve, November 25, 1970, Hughes left the Desert Inn by an interior fire escape, was driven to North Las Vegas Airport and flew in a Hughes Tool jet to the [[Bahamas]]. By the next day he occupied a ninth-floor suite of the [[Britannia Beach Hotel]] on [[Paradise Island]], held for him for more than a year; nearly all of Paradise Island was owned by [[Resorts International]], which *Time* reported Hughes had reputedly tried to buy the year before for 85 million dollars. Eighty-four hours passed before the guards at the Desert Inn discovered he was gone. The Hughes Tool executives [[Raymond Holliday]] and [[Frank Gay|Frank W. Gay]] and the lawyer Chester Davis gathered at the [[Century Plaza Hotel]] in Los Angeles, summoned a Maheu aide and demanded Maheu's resignation; Maheu obtained a court order and the undersheriff searched the empty penthouse. Hughes then telephoned Governor Paul Laxalt and the district attorney at 1:30 a.m. to say he wanted Maheu fired.[^2] Hughes discharged Maheu on December 5, 1970.[^3]
In a teletype of December 7, 1970, the FBI's Las Vegas office reported that Davis and Gay had announced that Intertel would be engaged to operate security and certain management phases of the Hughes casino-hotels and that Intertel had reportedly been "originally financed to extent of about two million dollars" by Resorts International. The teletype recorded the statement of "an official of Hughes operations (former SA Richard Danner)" that Resorts International and its predecessor, the [[Mary Carter Paint Company]], "may possibly be hoodlum infiltrated or financially indebted to [[Meyer Lansky]]."[^16] A memorandum from J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, filed in January 1971, states that "Intertel has been engaged by officials of the Hughes Tool Company to take over the management and operation of several of the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas." On January 5, 1971 the Bureau told its legal attaché in [[Ottawa]] that it had conducted no investigation of the firm.[^17] Intertel's president was [[Robert Peloquin]]. The Sandwedge memorandum of 1971 recorded that the former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[James Golden|Jim Golden]], "formerly with Intertel, has now switched over to the Hughes' Tool Company."[^16][^18] Danner testified that Golden visited Rebozo in December 1970 and discussed Danner's "precarious position" after the change of administration in the Hughes organization; Golden was later replaced by [[Ralph Winte]].[^12] In a teletype of December 7, 1970, the FBI's Las Vegas office reported that Davis and Gay had announced that Intertel would be engaged to operate security and certain management phases of the Hughes casino-hotels and that Intertel had reportedly been "originally financed to extent of about two million dollars" by Resorts International. The teletype recorded the statement of "an official of Hughes operations (former SA Richard Danner)" that Resorts International and its predecessor, the [[Mary Carter Paint Company]], "may possibly be hoodlum infiltrated or financially indebted to [[Meyer Lansky]]."[^20] A memorandum from J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, filed in January 1971, states that "Intertel has been engaged by officials of the Hughes Tool Company to take over the management and operation of several of the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas." On January 5, 1971 the Bureau told its legal attaché in [[Ottawa]] that it had conducted no investigation of the firm.[^21] Intertel's president was [[Robert Peloquin]]. The Sandwedge memorandum of 1971 recorded that the former [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent [[James Golden|Jim Golden]], "formerly with Intertel, has now switched over to the Hughes' Tool Company."[^20][^22] Danner testified that Golden visited Rebozo in December 1970 and discussed Danner's "precarious position" after the change of administration in the Hughes organization; Golden was later replaced by [[Ralph Winte]].[^16]
The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that Hughes Tool had engaged Intertel "to conduct a sweeping and exhaustive investigation into the affairs and past activities of Robert A. Maheu," on a contract "reported to run upward to a million dollars," and that Intertel had already turned information over to the Internal Revenue Service, with the former head of IRS intelligence [[William Kolar]] on its staff in Las Vegas. It recorded the account of a former agency employee then on Intertel's staff that Edward P. Morgan had been paid "almost a million dollars" for past services and was "making noises to certain unnamed Hughes Tool Company officials to the effect that they had better take it easy on Maheu because of the past involvement with CIA in covert operations," and that the Intertel man "will not allow Maheu to use the Agency as a shield."[^7] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that Hughes Tool had engaged Intertel "to conduct a sweeping and exhaustive investigation into the affairs and past activities of Robert A. Maheu," on a contract "reported to run upward to a million dollars," and that Intertel had already turned information over to the Internal Revenue Service, with the former head of IRS intelligence [[William Kolar]] on its staff in Las Vegas. It recorded the account of a former agency employee then on Intertel's staff that Edward P. Morgan had been paid "almost a million dollars" for past services and was "making noises to certain unnamed Hughes Tool Company officials to the effect that they had better take it easy on Maheu because of the past involvement with CIA in covert operations," and that the Intertel man "will not allow Maheu to use the Agency as a shield."[^7]
[[Jim Hougan]] wrote that Maheu sent a task force of private detectives to the Bahamas to bug Hughes's suite and to enable him to leave, and that Intertel agents discovered the eavesdropping and had the intruders deported.[^19] In late 1971 a publisher announced an "autobiography" of Hughes based on interviews by [[Clifford Irving]]. On January 7, 1972 Hughes spoke by telephone from Paradise Island to reporters assembled in Los Angeles; asked why Maheu had been fired, he said: "Because he's a no-good, dishonest son-of-a-bitch, and he stole me blind." Maheu sued Hughes Tool for defamation in *[[Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.]]*. Hughes "had totally withdrawn from direct contact with the outside world. He would not appear in any court; he would not give depositions." The jury awarded Maheu more than 2.8 million dollars in compensatory damages and Summa about 48,000 dollars on its counterclaims; on one of them, Maheu had held about 74,000 dollars sent to him to pay the rent on a hangar leased from the [[Tucson Airport Authority]] and was about nine months behind. The Ninth Circuit reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.[^3] Hougan wrote that Peloquin, called by Maheu's lawyer, acknowledged that Intertel agents had filed more than five hundred written reports on Maheu and found no evidence of theft. He also wrote that Hughes moved to [[Managua]] in February 1972, where the American ambassador, [[Turner Shelton]], formerly consul general in the Bahamas, acted as liaison between [[Anastasio Somoza]] and Hughes.[^19] In February 1977 Intertel still controlled the security for much of the Hughes empire.[^20] [[Jim Hougan]] wrote that Maheu sent a task force of private detectives to the Bahamas to bug Hughes's suite and to enable him to leave, and that Intertel agents discovered the eavesdropping and had the intruders deported.[^23] In late 1971 a publisher announced an "autobiography" of Hughes based on interviews by [[Clifford Irving]]. On January 7, 1972 Hughes spoke by telephone from Paradise Island to reporters assembled in Los Angeles; asked why Maheu had been fired, he said: "Because he's a no-good, dishonest son-of-a-bitch, and he stole me blind." Maheu sued Hughes Tool for defamation in *[[Maheu v. Hughes Tool Co.]]*. Hughes "had totally withdrawn from direct contact with the outside world. He would not appear in any court; he would not give depositions." The jury awarded Maheu more than 2.8 million dollars in compensatory damages and Summa about 48,000 dollars on its counterclaims; on one of them, Maheu had held about 74,000 dollars sent to him to pay the rent on a hangar leased from the [[Tucson Airport Authority]] and was about nine months behind. The Ninth Circuit reversed in part and remanded for a new trial.[^3] Hougan wrote that Peloquin, called by Maheu's lawyer, acknowledged that Intertel agents had filed more than five hundred written reports on Maheu and found no evidence of theft. He also wrote that Hughes moved to [[Managua]] in February 1972, where the American ambassador, [[Turner Shelton]], formerly consul general in the Bahamas, acted as liaison between [[Anastasio Somoza]] and Hughes.[^23] In February 1977 Intertel still controlled the security for much of the Hughes empire.[^24]
### White House Memoranda, 1971 ### White House Memoranda, 1971
White House memoranda of January and February 1971 on Hughes were printed as exhibits to the testimony of [[Lawrence Higby]], an aide to [[H. R. Haldeman]]. On January 15, 1971 [[Charles Colson]] wrote that [[Robert Bennett]], son of Senator [[Wallace Bennett]], had left the Department of Transportation to take over the [[Robert R. Mullen Company]], that one of his new clients was Howard Hughes, and that "[[Larry O'Brien]] has been the principal Hughes man in Washington." He added: "The important thing from our standpoint is to enhance Bennett's position with Hughes because Bennett gives us real access to a source of power that can be valuable."[^21] White House memoranda of January and February 1971 on Hughes were printed as exhibits to the testimony of [[Lawrence Higby]], an aide to [[H. R. Haldeman]]. On January 15, 1971 [[Charles Colson]] wrote that [[Robert Bennett]], son of Senator [[Wallace Bennett]], had left the Department of Transportation to take over the [[Robert R. Mullen Company]], that one of his new clients was Howard Hughes, and that "[[Larry O'Brien]] has been the principal Hughes man in Washington." He added: "The important thing from our standpoint is to enhance Bennett's position with Hughes because Bennett gives us real access to a source of power that can be valuable."[^25]
[[Jack Caulfield]] wrote to [[John Dean]] on January 22 and 25 that O'Brien and "Mayhew" were longtime associates from [[Boston]]; that "serious negotiations" had taken place in 1969 for O'Brien's firm to represent the Hughes interests in Washington, with "knowledgeable sources" putting the fee at 100,000 dollars; that Maheu's "tentacles touch many extremely sensitive areas of government"; that "Mayhew apparently forwarded Hughes' political contributions, personally, to both parties over the last ten years," dealing with a Nixon fund-raiser, Vic Johnson; that the former congressman [[Patrick Hillings|Pat Hillings]], close to [[Murray Chotiner]], had been retained by Maheu for years; that Danner was close to Smathers and professed friendship with Rebozo; that the law firm of [[Clark Clifford]] had for years represented the Hughes legal interests in Washington; and that Maheu had been a close associate of the former FBI agent [[John Frank]], "generally believed to have engineered the assassination of [[Jesús de Galíndez|Jesus de Galindez]]" in 1956 on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]. He proposed "an in depth analysis of all (CIA, F.B.I., IRS) information available for White House perusal."[^21] [[Jack Caulfield]] wrote to [[John Dean]] on January 22 and 25 that O'Brien and "Mayhew" were longtime associates from [[Boston]]; that "serious negotiations" had taken place in 1969 for O'Brien's firm to represent the Hughes interests in Washington, with "knowledgeable sources" putting the fee at 100,000 dollars; that Maheu's "tentacles touch many extremely sensitive areas of government"; that "Mayhew apparently forwarded Hughes' political contributions, personally, to both parties over the last ten years," dealing with a Nixon fund-raiser, Vic Johnson; that the former congressman [[Patrick Hillings|Pat Hillings]], close to [[Murray Chotiner]], had been retained by Maheu for years; that Danner was close to Smathers and professed friendship with Rebozo; that the law firm of [[Clark Clifford]] had for years represented the Hughes legal interests in Washington; and that Maheu had been a close associate of the former FBI agent [[John Frank]], "generally believed to have engineered the assassination of [[Jesús de Galíndez|Jesus de Galindez]]" in 1956 on behalf of [[Rafael Trujillo]]. He proposed "an in depth analysis of all (CIA, F.B.I., IRS) information available for White House perusal."[^25]
Dean reported to Haldeman on January 26 that Rebozo said his information on the O'Brien retainer had come from Maheu "at a time when Maheu was professing considerable friendliness towards the Administration," and that Rebozo "also requested that if any action be taken with regard to Hughes that he be notified because of his familiarity with the delicacy of the relationships as a result of his own dealings with the Hughes people." Bennett told Dean there was "no doubt" that O'Brien had been retained by Hughes and that the contract was still in existence, and that he was going to the West Coast to discuss his Hughes relationship with Gay. Haldeman replied on January 28 that Colson should "come up with a way to leak the appropriate information," that "Frankly, I can't see any way to handle this without involving Hughes," and that "we should keep Bob Bennett and Bebe out of it at all costs."[^21] Dean reported to Haldeman on January 26 that Rebozo said his information on the O'Brien retainer had come from Maheu "at a time when Maheu was professing considerable friendliness towards the Administration," and that Rebozo "also requested that if any action be taken with regard to Hughes that he be notified because of his familiarity with the delicacy of the relationships as a result of his own dealings with the Hughes people." Bennett told Dean there was "no doubt" that O'Brien had been retained by Hughes and that the contract was still in existence, and that he was going to the West Coast to discuss his Hughes relationship with Gay. Haldeman replied on January 28 that Colson should "come up with a way to leak the appropriate information," that "Frankly, I can't see any way to handle this without involving Hughes," and that "we should keep Bob Bennett and Bebe out of it at all costs."[^25]
On February 1 Caulfield wrote that the retainer could be documented only indirectly, payment having been made "via the Mahew-Claude De Sautels route"; that "Don Nixon visited the [[Dominican Republic]] with a group of wheeler dealers in September 1969," who, he wrote, "assertedly were connected with" Maheu's forces in Nevada; and that "Mahew's covert activities from his Washington association with CIA in the early sixties to his Nevada involvment on behalf of Hughes are only generally known here, at this time." On February 3 he drew Dean's attention to a *[[60 Minutes]]* broadcast with an interview of Maheu and "an indication of Intertel's activity in Nevada." An unsigned memorandum in the same exhibits alleged that Maheu had established "close and ominous relationships" with Mafia figures, that huge profits were being skimmed from the casinos, and that Maheu's representatives might have paid hotel and bar bills for the presidential advance party for an October 31 visit to Las Vegas.[^21] Asked in December 1973 whether Intertel had investigated the O'Brien-Maheu relationship, Davis answered that he knew of Intertel's work only under his own direction for litigation, and added: "insofar as I am concerned, there doesn't remain any question in my mind about payments made to and received by Mr. O'Brien."[^14] On February 1 Caulfield wrote that the retainer could be documented only indirectly, payment having been made "via the Mahew-Claude De Sautels route"; that "Don Nixon visited the [[Dominican Republic]] with a group of wheeler dealers in September 1969," who, he wrote, "assertedly were connected with" Maheu's forces in Nevada; and that "Mahew's covert activities from his Washington association with CIA in the early sixties to his Nevada involvment on behalf of Hughes are only generally known here, at this time." On February 3 he drew Dean's attention to a *[[60 Minutes]]* broadcast with an interview of Maheu and "an indication of Intertel's activity in Nevada." An unsigned memorandum in the same exhibits alleged that Maheu had established "close and ominous relationships" with Mafia figures, that huge profits were being skimmed from the casinos, and that Maheu's representatives might have paid hotel and bar bills for the presidential advance party for an October 31 visit to Las Vegas.[^25] Asked in December 1973 whether Intertel had investigated the O'Brien-Maheu relationship, Davis answered that he knew of Intertel's work only under his own direction for litigation, and added: "insofar as I am concerned, there doesn't remain any question in my mind about payments made to and received by Mr. O'Brien."[^18]
### The Senate Investigation ### The Senate Investigation
[[William E. Griffin]], a lawyer whom Rebozo consulted in April or May 1973, testified that Rebozo told him he held 100,000 dollars in cash in a safe-deposit box at Key Biscayne, in the identical bills he had received, and that a government agency, he thought the IRS, or the Maheu case had prompted inquiry; that Rebozo then had difficulty getting Danner to take the money back, once reaching him on a golf course; and that the money was returned to Danner against a receipt.[^22] *Time* reported in October 1973, citing committee sources, that Rebozo said the second installment was paid on July 3, 1970 at Nixon's house at [[San Clemente, California|San Clemente]], the date on which Rebozo and [[Robert Abplanalp]] were closing the purchase from Nixon of 2.9 acres of the San Clemente property for, according to the same sources, 100,000 dollars; Rebozo denied that any Hughes money was used. Maheu had mentioned the contribution in a deposition in his 17 million dollar suit against Hughes in the spring of 1973.[^15] [[William E. Griffin]], a lawyer whom Rebozo consulted in April or May 1973, testified that Rebozo told him he held 100,000 dollars in cash in a safe-deposit box at Key Biscayne, in the identical bills he had received, and that a government agency, he thought the IRS, or the Maheu case had prompted inquiry; that Rebozo then had difficulty getting Danner to take the money back, once reaching him on a golf course; and that the money was returned to Danner against a receipt.[^26] *Time* reported in October 1973, citing committee sources, that Rebozo said the second installment was paid on July 3, 1970 at Nixon's house at [[San Clemente, California|San Clemente]], the date on which Rebozo and [[Robert Abplanalp]] were closing the purchase from Nixon of 2.9 acres of the San Clemente property for, according to the same sources, 100,000 dollars; Rebozo denied that any Hughes money was used. Maheu had mentioned the contribution in a deposition in his 17 million dollar suit against Hughes in the spring of 1973.[^19]
Rebozo returned 100,100 dollars in 1,001 Federal Reserve notes. The committee traced their serial numbers through the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and found that, for every combination of delivery dates but one, the notes included bills not released for circulation until after a delivery date; on the combination that Danner and Rebozo described, 35 of the bills identified as the second delivery were not available until after August 20, 1970, the latest released on October 1, 1970.[^11] [[Herbert Kalmbach]] testified that on April 30, 1973 Rebozo told him he had spent some of the Hughes money on F. Donald Nixon, [[Edward Nixon]], [[Rose Mary Woods]] and others. Hughes also contributed some 150,000 dollars directly to the 1972 Nixon campaign.[^10][^13] Rebozo returned 100,100 dollars in 1,001 Federal Reserve notes. The committee traced their serial numbers through the [[Federal Reserve Board|Federal Reserve]] and found that, for every combination of delivery dates but one, the notes included bills not released for circulation until after a delivery date; on the combination that Danner and Rebozo described, 35 of the bills identified as the second delivery were not available until after August 20, 1970, the latest released on October 1, 1970.[^15] [[Herbert Kalmbach]] testified that on April 30, 1973 Rebozo told him he had spent some of the Hughes money on F. Donald Nixon, [[Edward Nixon]], [[Rose Mary Woods]] and others. Hughes also contributed some 150,000 dollars directly to the 1972 Nixon campaign.[^14][^17]
The committee requested Hughes's appearance by letter, which was never answered; a subpoena was approved but could not be served because Hughes remained outside the country throughout the investigation. Rebozo refused to produce records of the Key Biscayne Bank and, when Chairman [[Sam Ervin]] sought his response in June 1974, left the country and became unavailable for service of a subpoena.[^9] By the spring of 1974 Danner had been examined twice by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], once by a federal grand jury and twice by the IRS, and Winte had been interviewed twice by the FBI.[^12] The committee requested Hughes's appearance by letter, which was never answered; a subpoena was approved but could not be served because Hughes remained outside the country throughout the investigation. Rebozo refused to produce records of the Key Biscayne Bank and, when Chairman [[Sam Ervin]] sought his response in June 1974, left the country and became unavailable for service of a subpoena.[^9] By the spring of 1974 Danner had been examined twice by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]], once by a federal grand jury and twice by the IRS, and Winte had been interviewed twice by the FBI.[^16]
The committee's questions extended to Resorts International. Kalmbach testified that Rebozo suggested he see [[James Crosby]], the head of Resorts, and that Crosby's pledge to the 1970 senatorial campaign program fell from 25,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars. Griffin testified that around 1969 or 1970 he had one conversation in Washington with Crosby and [[Jack Davis]] of Resorts, whom he had first met at the 1969 inauguration, about options Resorts held on [[Pan American World Airways]] stock, that he thought Peloquin and Abplanalp were also present, and that he advised them to see the senators sponsoring restrictive legislation. Asked whether the IRS had cases involving Resorts International, the commissioner, [[Johnnie Walters]], answered: "Not to my knowledge ... I do not even know whether there were cases."[^23] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that in January 1969 Resorts had moved to take control of Pan Am by buying a 9.7 percent interest, and that the Civil Aeronautics Board had intervened.[^7] The committee's questions extended to Resorts International. Kalmbach testified that Rebozo suggested he see [[James Crosby]], the head of Resorts, and that Crosby's pledge to the 1970 senatorial campaign program fell from 25,000 dollars to 5,000 dollars. Griffin testified that around 1969 or 1970 he had one conversation in Washington with Crosby and [[Jack Davis]] of Resorts, whom he had first met at the 1969 inauguration, about options Resorts held on [[Pan American World Airways]] stock, that he thought Peloquin and Abplanalp were also present, and that he advised them to see the senators sponsoring restrictive legislation. Asked whether the IRS had cases involving Resorts International, the commissioner, [[Johnnie Walters]], answered: "Not to my knowledge ... I do not even know whether there were cases."[^27] The May 1971 CIA memorandum recorded that in January 1969 Resorts had moved to take control of Pan Am by buying a 9.7 percent interest, and that the Civil Aeronautics Board had intervened.[^7]
In *[[The Village Voice]]* of January 31, 1974, [[Lucian K. Truscott IV]] wrote that a person close to the committee staff told him the staff had been instructed, "apparently by Ervin and Baker," to "stay away from" any possible quid pro quo for the donation, the Paradise Island casino, Rebozo's bank, "F. Donald Nixon's involvement" and "the whole area of the President's finances," and that Smathers and Danner were in Washington.[^24] In *[[The Village Voice]]* of January 31, 1974, [[Lucian K. Truscott IV]] wrote that a person close to the committee staff told him the staff had been instructed, "apparently by Ervin and Baker," to "stay away from" any possible quid pro quo for the donation, the Paradise Island casino, Rebozo's bank, "F. Donald Nixon's involvement" and "the whole area of the President's finances," and that Smathers and Danner were in Washington.[^28]
The Senate Select Committee's final report records that [[Jeb Stuart Magruder]] testified that John Mitchell suggested as additional targets for the 1972 plan the [[Democratic National Committee]] chairman, Larry O'Brien, and the Las Vegas publisher Greenspun, whom Magruder described as allegedly holding explosive material damaging to [[Edmund Muskie|Senator Muskie]] in his office safe.[^29] The report also states that Robert Bennett suggested that Greenspun's safe contained information of interest to both Hughes and the Committee for the Re-election of the President.[^29] Greenspun had sold KLAS-TV to Hughes in 1968.[^10]
### Project Azorian ### Project Azorian
In April 1971 the chairman of [[Global Marine]], Robert F. Bauer, announced that the company would build a 600-foot mining ship for the Hughes Tool Company. The Hughes Glomar Explorer was launched on November 4, 1972, with speeches by Bauer and by Paul Reeve, general manager of the Ocean Mining Division of Hughes Tool. The government later acknowledged in court CIA sponsorship of the [[Project Azorian]] recovery of the Soviet submarine [[K-129]] "for intelligence collection purposes," and the participation of Hughes Tool, Summa and Global Marine.[^25] In April 1971 the chairman of [[Global Marine]], Robert F. Bauer, announced that the company would build a 600-foot mining ship for the Hughes Tool Company. The Hughes Glomar Explorer was launched on November 4, 1972, with speeches by Bauer and by Paul Reeve, general manager of the Ocean Mining Division of Hughes Tool. The government later acknowledged in court CIA sponsorship of the [[Project Azorian]] recovery of the Soviet submarine [[K-129]] "for intelligence collection purposes," and the participation of Hughes Tool, Summa and Global Marine.[^30]
The CIA's history of the project attributes the leak behind the press accounts of 1975 to "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles," and records the belief that the stolen documents might include "a memorandum from a senior Hughes official to Howard Hughes describing a proposed CIA attempt to recover a sunken Soviet submarine and requesting Hughes' approval for Hughes Company participation." Several persons in the investigation were briefed, and the source of the leak was never identified.[^25] On February 7, 1975 CIA Director [[William Colby]] told President [[Gerald Ford]] that the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* had asked whether the agency had raised a piece of a Soviet submarine: "We have called Frank Murphy to try to kill it."[^26] The CIA's history of the project attributes the leak behind the press accounts of 1975 to "an improbable series of events following a break-in and robbery in June 1974 at Summa Corporation headquarters in Los Angeles," and records the belief that the stolen documents might include "a memorandum from a senior Hughes official to Howard Hughes describing a proposed CIA attempt to recover a sunken Soviet submarine and requesting Hughes' approval for Hughes Company participation." Several persons in the investigation were briefed, and the source of the leak was never identified.[^30] On February 7, 1975 CIA Director [[William Colby]] told President [[Gerald Ford]] that the *[[Los Angeles Times]]* had asked whether the agency had raised a piece of a Soviet submarine: "We have called Frank Murphy to try to kill it."[^31]
### Death and Estate ### Death and Estate
On April 14, 1976 Hughes's aunt and closest living relative, Annette Gano Lummis, and her son [[William R. Lummis]] were granted temporary letters of administration in Probate Court No. 2 of [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]].[^1][^27] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claimed on February 24, 1977 that Hughes had executed a will leaving it his entire estate; a jury found on a trial begun December 6, 1977 that Hughes was domiciled in Texas. The probate court granted summary judgment that the alleged will was not valid; on January 23, 1980 the Court of Civil Appeals at Houston reversed that judgment as an impermissible advisory opinion and refused to disqualify Lummis's lawyers, [[Andrews Kurth|Andrews, Kurth, Campbell and Jones]], who had served as the institute's counsel for more than twenty years and had helped obtain its tax exemption.[^27] In each state that sought death taxes, the estate's personal representative contended that Hughes died domiciled in Nevada, "the only State in the Union without death taxes." [[California]] and [[Texas]] each claimed him; the bulk of the estate consisted of shares in a single holding company, and California alleged that its judgment would be uncollectible to the extent of about 21 million dollars. On June 22, 1978 the Supreme Court denied California leave to file a bill of complaint against Texas in *[[California v. Texas]]*, 437 U.S. 601.[^28] On April 14, 1976 Hughes's aunt and closest living relative, Annette Gano Lummis, and her son [[William R. Lummis]] were granted temporary letters of administration in Probate Court No. 2 of [[Harris County, Texas|Harris County]].[^1][^32] The Howard Hughes Medical Institute claimed on February 24, 1977 that Hughes had executed a will leaving it his entire estate; a jury found on a trial begun December 6, 1977 that Hughes was domiciled in Texas. The probate court granted summary judgment that the alleged will was not valid; on January 23, 1980 the Court of Civil Appeals at Houston reversed that judgment as an impermissible advisory opinion and refused to disqualify Lummis's lawyers, [[Andrews Kurth|Andrews, Kurth, Campbell and Jones]], who had served as the institute's counsel for more than twenty years and had helped obtain its tax exemption.[^32] In each state that sought death taxes, the estate's personal representative contended that Hughes died domiciled in Nevada, "the only State in the Union without death taxes." [[California]] and [[Texas]] each claimed him; the bulk of the estate consisted of shares in a single holding company, and California alleged that its judgment would be uncollectible to the extent of about 21 million dollars. On June 22, 1978 the Supreme Court denied California leave to file a bill of complaint against Texas in *[[California v. Texas]]*, 437 U.S. 601.[^33]
Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the Delaware complaint alleged that the institute had since been controlled by Gay and Davis as majority members of its executive committee, which on July 10, 1978 purported to amend the charter to abolish the office of trustee. The attorney general of Delaware and William Lummis, as Delaware ancillary administrator, sued in the [[Delaware Court of Chancery]] to have a trustee appointed.[^4][^5] A claim by the actress [[Terry Moore]] that she had married Hughes at sea in 1949 was dismissed on judicial estoppel; the opinion affirming the dismissal was written by Justice [[Paul Pressler]].[^1] Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the Delaware complaint alleged that the institute had since been controlled by Gay and Davis as majority members of its executive committee, which on July 10, 1978 purported to amend the charter to abolish the office of trustee. The attorney general of Delaware and William Lummis, as Delaware ancillary administrator, sued in the [[Delaware Court of Chancery]] to have a trustee appointed.[^4][^5] A claim by the actress [[Terry Moore]] that she had married Hughes at sea in 1949 was dismissed on judicial estoppel; the opinion affirming the dismissal was written by Justice [[Paul Pressler]].[^1]
The station that Hughes bought in 1968 passed through his estate after his death in 1976. Broadcasting reported in February 1978 that KLAS-TV was sold by Summa Corporation to [[Landmark Communications]] for a price said to be in excess of $8 million, and a March 1978 FCC filing gave the price as $9,587,500 and stated that the estate had been divesting broadcast interests since Hughes's death and that KLAS-TV was its only broadcast station.[^34][^35] The FCC approved the estate's sale on May 15, 1978.[^11]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: *Moore v. Neff*, 629 S.W.2d 827 (Tex. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1982), No. B2947, decided February 4, 1982 (Pressler, J.), full text at the Harvard Caselaw Access Project. https://static.case.law/sw2d/629/cases/0827-01.json (birth date computed from *Time*'s statement of December 21, 1970 that Hughes "will be 65 on Christmas Eve"). [^1]: *Moore v. Neff*, 629 S.W.2d 827 (Tex. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1982), No. B2947, decided February 4, 1982 (Pressler, J.), full text at the Harvard Caselaw Access Project. https://static.case.law/sw2d/629/cases/0827-01.json (birth date computed from *Time*'s statement of December 21, 1970 that Hughes "will be 65 on Christmas Eve").
@ -180,22 +192,29 @@ Hughes died without naming a successor trustee of the medical institute, and the
[^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the record, "Robert D. Peloquin, President, International Intelligence, Inc. (INTERTEL)," May 20, 1971, signed John G. Southard, 6 pp., NARA record number 104-10122-10288, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act, March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10122-10288.pdf [^7]: Central Intelligence Agency, memorandum for the record, "Robert D. Peloquin, President, International Intelligence, Inc. (INTERTEL)," May 20, 1971, signed John G. Southard, 6 pp., NARA record number 104-10122-10288, released under the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act, March 18, 2025. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/2025/0318/104-10122-10288.pdf
[^8]: *Hughes Tool Co. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.*, 409 U.S. 363 (1973), Nos. 71-827 and 71-830, decided January 10, 1973, opinion of the Court (Douglas, J.) and dissent (Burger, C.J.) reciting the procedural history. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/409/363 [^8]: *Hughes Tool Co. v. Trans World Airlines, Inc.*, 409 U.S. 363 (1973), Nos. 71-827 and 71-830, decided January 10, 1973, opinion of the Court (Douglas, J.) and dissent (Burger, C.J.) reciting the procedural history. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/409/363
[^9]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), ch. 8, "The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters," introduction and sections I-II, pp. 931-936 and n. 7 (Hughes memorandum to Maheu). https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities [^9]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), ch. 8, "The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters," introduction and sections I-II, pp. 931-936 and n. 7 (Hughes memorandum to Maheu). https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^10]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section VI, "Dunes Report," pp. 980-998. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities [^10]: "Application for FCC approval of the sale of KLAS-TV Las Vegas by H. M. Greenspun to industrialist Howard R. Hughes ... for about $4.5 million," with Greenspun's account of the 1964 fire at the Las Vegas Sun building, Broadcasting, October 23, 1967. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1967/1967-10-23-BC.pdf
[^11]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section V, "Delivery and Retention of the Contributions," pp. 944-948. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities [^11]: Television Digest Factbook, TV Factbook 1984, KLAS-TV, Las Vegas, Ch. 8, licensee KLAS Inc., ownership Landmark Communications 100 percent, sale to Hughes Tool Co. by H. M. Greenspun and Las Vegas Sun approved by FCC February 14, 1968 (Television Digest 8:8, 9), sale by the estate of Howard R. Hughes approved May 15, 1978 (Television Digest 18:7). https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/1984-TV-Factbook/TV-Factbook-1984-NEB-USVI.pdf
[^12]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60, Executive Session Hearings, Book 24: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Richard G. Danner, pp. 11417, 11464-11465, 11553-11555, and letter of Chester C. Davis to the committee, p. 11480. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf [^12]: "KLAs-Tv Las Vegas: Sold by H. M. Greenspun to Howard R. Hughes for $3,650,000 in cash plus assumption of obligations that is estimated to bring price up to approximately $4.5 million," FCC approvals of station transfers, Broadcasting, February 19, 1968. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-02-19-BC.pdf
[^13]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section X, "The Issue of Use of the Money," p. 1030, and section on purpose of the money, pp. 1055-1056. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities [^13]: George Knapp, "How KLAS-TV became a part of Howard Hughes' empire," KLAS-TV 8 News Now, posted July 18, 2018. https://digital-release.8newsnow.com/news/how-klas-tv-became-a-part-of-howard-hughes-empire/amp
[^14]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 24*, testimony of Chester C. Davis (executive session of December 4, 1973), pp. 11398-11401, 11609-11611. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf [^14]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section VI, "Dunes Report," pp. 980-998. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^15]: "The Nation: The Hughes Connection," *Time*, October 22, 1973. https://time.com/archive/6841879/the-nation-the-hughes-connection/ [^15]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section V, "Delivery and Retention of the Contributions," pp. 944-948. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^16]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Robert Peloquin file, FOI/PA No. 1602405, Part 01, teletype, Las Vegas (92-3659) to Director and Miami, December 7, 1970, pp. 21-25 (PDF pages). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file [^16]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Presidential Campaign Activities of 1972, Senate Resolution 60, Executive Session Hearings, Book 24: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Richard G. Danner, pp. 11417, 11464-11465, 11553-11555, and letter of Chester C. Davis to the committee, p. 11480. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf
[^17]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, memorandum, J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, "William G. Hundley, Robert D. Peloquin, International Intelligence, Inc.," December 1970 (file stamp January 8, 1971), p. 33; Director to Legat, Ottawa, January 5, 1971, p. 42. https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file [^17]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Final Report*, S. Rept. 93-981, ch. 8, section X, "The Issue of Use of the Money," p. 1030, and section on purpose of the money, pp. 1055-1056. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^18]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), "Operation Sandwedge," Tab 31, pp. 9899-9902. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf [^18]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 24*, testimony of Chester C. Davis (executive session of December 4, 1973), pp. 11398-11401, 11609-11611. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob24.pdf
[^19]: Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents* (William Morrow, 1978), pp. 262-263, 384-385. https://archive.org/details/hougan-jim-spooks [^19]: "The Nation: The Hughes Connection," *Time*, October 22, 1973. https://time.com/archive/6841879/the-nation-the-hughes-connection/
[^20]: Tom Zito, "Peloquin of Intertel: Intelligence, Security, 'Targets of Opportunity,'" *The Washington Post*, February 20, 1977, pp. L1, L12 (page images in the Weisberg Subject Index Files, Hood College). http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/I%20Disk/Intertel%20on%20Assassination%20Samples%20of/Item%2001.pdf [^20]: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Robert Peloquin file, FOI/PA No. 1602405, Part 01, teletype, Las Vegas (92-3659) to Director and Miami, December 7, 1970, pp. 21-25 (PDF pages). https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
[^21]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 23: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), Higby Exhibits 5-A to 5-I, pp. 11123-11135: Colson memorandum of January 15, 1971; Caulfield to Dean, January 22, January 25, February 1 and February 3, 1971; Dean to Haldeman, January 26, 1971; Haldeman to Dean, January 28, 1971; Dean to Caulfield, February 5, 1971; unsigned memorandum, Exhibit 5-I. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23.pdf [^21]: FBI, Peloquin file, Part 01, memorandum, J. H. Gale to Mr. Sullivan, "William G. Hundley, Robert D. Peloquin, International Intelligence, Inc.," December 1970 (file stamp January 8, 1971), p. 33; Director to Legat, Ottawa, January 5, 1971, p. 42. https://archive.org/details/robert-peloquin-fbi-file
[^22]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 22: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10429-10431, 10446-10448. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22.pdf [^22]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), "Operation Sandwedge," Tab 31, pp. 9899-9902. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf
[^23]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Herbert W. Kalmbach, p. 10183; *Book 23*, testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10792-10793; *Book 24*, testimony of Johnnie M. Walters, p. 11623. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf [^23]: Jim Hougan, *Spooks: The Haunting of America: The Private Use of Secret Agents* (William Morrow, 1978), pp. 262-263, 384-385. https://archive.org/details/hougan-jim-spooks
[^24]: Lucian K. Truscott IV, "Watergate, the Bahamas & Howard Hughes," *The Village Voice*, January 31, 1974. https://villagevoice.com/1974/01/31/watergate-the-bahamas-howard-hughes [^24]: Tom Zito, "Peloquin of Intertel: Intelligence, Security, 'Targets of Opportunity,'" *The Washington Post*, February 20, 1977, pp. L1, L12 (page images in the Weisberg Subject Index Files, Hood College). http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/I%20Disk/Intertel%20on%20Assassination%20Samples%20of/Item%2001.pdf
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," released January 2010, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 1 (scanned images, OCR read). https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf [^25]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 23: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), Higby Exhibits 5-A to 5-I, pp. 11123-11135: Colson memorandum of January 15, 1971; Caulfield to Dean, January 22, January 25, February 1 and February 3, 1971; Dean to Haldeman, January 26, 1971; Haldeman to Dean, January 28, 1971; Dean to Caulfield, February 5, 1971; unsigned memorandum, Exhibit 5-I. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob23.pdf
[^26]: Memorandum of conversation, President Ford, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, William Colby, David Jones and Donald Rumsfeld, Oval Office, February 7, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc02.pdf [^26]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 22: The Hughes-Rebozo Investigation and Related Matters* (GPO, 1974), testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10429-10431, 10446-10448. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob22.pdf
[^27]: *Howard Hughes Medical Institute v. Lummis*, 596 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. Civ. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1980), No. A2176, decided January 23, 1980 (Brown, C.J.). https://static.case.law/sw2d/596/cases/0171-01.json [^27]: Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, *Book 21* (GPO, 1974), testimony of Herbert W. Kalmbach, p. 10183; *Book 23*, testimony of William E. Griffin, pp. 10792-10793; *Book 24*, testimony of Johnnie M. Walters, p. 11623. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21/pdf/CHRG-93shrg31889Ob21.pdf
[^28]: *California v. Texas*, 437 U.S. 601 (1978) (per curiam, June 22, 1978), with concurring and dissenting opinions. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/437/601 [^28]: Lucian K. Truscott IV, "Watergate, the Bahamas & Howard Hughes," *The Village Voice*, January 31, 1974. https://villagevoice.com/1974/01/31/watergate-the-bahamas-howard-hughes
[^29]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, Final Report, S. Rept. 93-981 (June 1974), testimony of Jeb Stuart Magruder on the Liddy intelligence plan with footnotes 61 to 63 for the February 1972 meeting, and the section on Robert Bennett's suggestion regarding Greenspun's safe. https://archive.org/details/FinalReportOfTheSenateSelectCommitteeOnPresidentialCampaignActivities
[^30]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Project AZORIAN: The Story of the Hughes Glomar Explorer," released January 2010, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 1. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc01.pdf
[^31]: Memorandum of conversation, President Ford, Henry Kissinger, James Schlesinger, William Colby, David Jones and Donald Rumsfeld, Oval Office, February 7, 1975, Gerald R. Ford Library, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 305, document 2. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb305/doc02.pdf
[^32]: *Howard Hughes Medical Institute v. Lummis*, 596 S.W.2d 171 (Tex. Civ. App., Houston [14th Dist.] 1980), No. A2176, decided January 23, 1980 (Brown, C.J.). https://static.case.law/sw2d/596/cases/0171-01.json
[^33]: *California v. Texas*, 437 U.S. 601 (1978) (per curiam, June 22, 1978), with concurring and dissenting opinions. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/437/601
[^34]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas: Sold by Summa Corp. to Landmark Communications Inc. for price said to be in excess of $8 million," Broadcasting, February 13, 1978. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-02-13-BC.pdf
[^35]: "KLAS-TV Las Vegas (ch. 8) Seeks assignment of license from Summa Corp. to KLAS Inc. for $9,587,500," Broadcasting, March 27, 1978. https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1978/1978-03-27-BC.pdf

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Isaac C. Kidd Jr..md
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@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Cristol states that Kidd, in interviews in the early 1990s, said the attack was
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: "Adm. Isaac Kidd Dies," The Washington Post, July 2, 1999. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1999/07/02/adm-isaac-kidd-dies/48636275-1034-4d5d-9350-ff83865bb644/ [^1]: "Adm. Isaac Kidd Dies," The Washington Post, July 2, 1999. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1999/07/02/adm-isaac-kidd-dies/48636275-1034-4d5d-9350-ff83865bb644/
[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 17, 18, 21, 23. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for Kidd's private statements, as Boston reports them. A shorter affidavit text printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, carries the McNamara and Johnson sentence (paragraph 16 of the declaration) without the Kidd conversations in paragraphs 17 to 25. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm [^2]: Ward Boston Jr., Declaration Concerning the Court of Inquiry into the Attack on USS Liberty, dated January 8, 2004, Coronado, California, paragraphs 17, 18, 21, 23. https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. A shorter affidavit text printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, carries the McNamara and Johnson sentence (paragraph 16 of the declaration) without the Kidd conversations in paragraphs 17 to 25. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm
[^3]: "US Navy Court of Inquiry," The Liberty Incident (website of A. Jay Cristol), https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html. Descriptive text accompanying the posted record; the assignment of Kidd and the date he boarded the ship come from this description. [^3]: "US Navy Court of Inquiry," The Liberty Incident (website of A. Jay Cristol), https://libertyincident.com/USNcourt.html. Descriptive text accompanying the posted record; the assignment of Kidd and the date he boarded the ship come from this description.
[^4]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan pages 106 and 107 (opening, convening letter of June 10, 1967, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, court aboard June 12, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment June 15, London June 16), 265 (closing at 1645 on June 16), https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, and quoted in Ward Boston Jr., Declaration, paragraph 5 (https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf). [^4]: United States Navy, Record of Proceedings, Court of Inquiry into the armed attack on USS Liberty (AGTR-5), 1967, scan pages 106 and 107 (opening, convening letter of June 10, 1967, oath), 117 (adjournment of June 11, boarding at sea, court aboard June 12, Malta June 13), 243 and 244 (adjournment June 15, London June 16), 265 (closing at 1645 on June 16), https://libertyincident.com/docs/CourtOfInquiry.pdf, and quoted in Ward Boston Jr., Declaration, paragraph 5 (https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf).
[^5]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 129, no. 7 (July 2003). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret. Fraser also gives Kidd's death year as 1999. [^5]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, vol. 129, no. 7 (July 2003). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret. Fraser also gives Kidd's death year as 1999.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/James Monroe.md
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@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ Marks reports that Monroe told The New York Times on August 2, 1977 that "only a
[^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 9. [^1]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, Chapter 9.
[^2]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, 1957 Annual Report, officers and staff, "The Society," and address page. Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf [^2]: Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology, 1957 Annual Report, officers and staff, "The Society," and address page. Wayback Machine capture of https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21090820/1957-annual-report-society-human-ecology.pdf
[^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n. [^3]: John D. Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate* (Times Books, 1979), chapter 9, p. 149 n.
[^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007. https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide . Sole source for the 1961-1963 directorship and Rhodes: Price. [^4]: David H. Price, "Buying a piece of anthropology, Part 1," *Anthropology Today* 23(3), June 2007. https://archive.org/details/human_ecology_torture_suicide .
[^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, note on p. 207 (chapter "Conclusions"). Sole source for the Monroe quotation: Marks. [^5]: Marks, *The Search for the Manchurian Candidate*, note on p. 207 (chapter "Conclusions").
[^6]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger. [^6]: *Project MKULTRA, the CIA's Program of Research in Behavioral Modification*, Joint Hearing, August 3, 1977, testimony of John Gittinger.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John F. Kennedy.md
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@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ The Foreign Relations of the United States volumes record two exchanges. At the
On May 18, 1963, in a letter transmitted through the State Department to Ambassador Barbour, Kennedy wrote to Ben-Gurion: "I am sure you will agree that there is no more urgent business for the whole world than the control of nuclear weapons," recalled that "when we spoke together in May 1961 you said that we might make whatever use we wished of the information resulting from the first visit of American scientists to Dimona and that you would agree to further visits by neutrals as well," and wrote that "development of a nuclear weapons capability by Israel would almost certainly lead other larger countries, that have so far refrained from such development, to feel that they must follow suit." He wrote that he saw "no present or imminent nuclear threat to Israel" from the United Arab Republic and that "we have the capacity to check" any contrary information, and pressed for "your Government's early assent to the proposal first put to you by Ambassador Barbour on April 2." Four and a half lines of the source text remain classified.[^7] On May 18, 1963, in a letter transmitted through the State Department to Ambassador Barbour, Kennedy wrote to Ben-Gurion: "I am sure you will agree that there is no more urgent business for the whole world than the control of nuclear weapons," recalled that "when we spoke together in May 1961 you said that we might make whatever use we wished of the information resulting from the first visit of American scientists to Dimona and that you would agree to further visits by neutrals as well," and wrote that "development of a nuclear weapons capability by Israel would almost certainly lead other larger countries, that have so far refrained from such development, to feel that they must follow suit." He wrote that he saw "no present or imminent nuclear threat to Israel" from the United Arab Republic and that "we have the capacity to check" any contrary information, and pressed for "your Government's early assent to the proposal first put to you by Ambassador Barbour on April 2." Four and a half lines of the source text remain classified.[^7]
Hersh wrote that in mid-1962 the administration authorized the sale of Hawk surface-to-air missiles to Israel, a departure from past policy, linked to Israel's agreement to allow inspection teams at Dimona, and that the inspections were "largely a whitewash." Hersh wrote that Kennedy invited Meir, one of Ben-Gurion's leading critics, to Palm Beach as "a direct move against Ben-Gurion's leadership." Hersh also wrote that a memorandum from Bundy to Kennedy dated November 22, 1963 indicated a change in policy toward the French, allowing France to use the [[Nevada]] test site for underground testing. Hersh is the sole source for the passages so cited.[^2] Hersh wrote that in mid-1962 the administration authorized the sale of Hawk surface-to-air missiles to Israel, a departure from past policy, linked to Israel's agreement to allow inspection teams at Dimona, and that the inspections were "largely a whitewash." Hersh wrote that Kennedy invited Meir, one of Ben-Gurion's leading critics, to Palm Beach as "a direct move against Ben-Gurion's leadership." Hersh also wrote that a memorandum from Bundy to Kennedy dated November 22, 1963 indicated a change in policy toward the French, allowing France to use the [[Nevada]] test site for underground testing.[^2]
### Cuba and the CIA ### Cuba and the CIA
@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Congress passed the President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection A
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "John F. Kennedy" (born May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts; inaugurated January 20, 1961; term ended November 22, 1963). https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy [^1]: Miller Center, University of Virginia, "John F. Kennedy" (born May 29, 1917, Brookline, Massachusetts; inaugurated January 20, 1961; term ended November 22, 1963). https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy
[^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chs. 8 and 9. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^2]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy.* Random House, 1991, chs. 8 and 9.
[^3]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center and National Security Archive, record of the meeting of December 19, 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project [^3]: "The U.S. Discovery of Israel's Secret Nuclear Project," Wilson Center and National Security Archive, record of the meeting of December 19, 1960, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-us-discovery-israels-secret-nuclear-project
[^4]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976, chronology of the Castro plots ("November 29, John McCone succeeds Allen Dulles as Director, CIA"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf [^4]: U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, *The Investigation of the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Performance of the Intelligence Agencies*, Book V, S. Rept. 94-755, 1976, chronology of the Castro plots ("November 29, John McCone succeeds Allen Dulles as Director, CIA"). https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/94755_V.pdf
[^5]: Trachtenberg, Marc. "Appendix Eight (Chapter Nine, Note 134): Kennedy and the Israeli Nuclear Program," to *A Constructed Peace*. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/appendices/appendixVIII.html [^5]: Trachtenberg, Marc. "Appendix Eight (Chapter Nine, Note 134): Kennedy and the Israeli Nuclear Program," to *A Constructed Peace*. https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/appendices/appendixVIII.html

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Hull.md
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@ -30,6 +30,6 @@ The next morning, Costa Rican Rural Guards awakened Kelso with automatic rifle f
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction" [^1]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction"
[^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^2]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters.
[^3]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), chapter on other individuals (John Hull; March 7, 1989 reporting; July 31, 1987 SSCI briefing transcript), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/other.html [^3]: CIA Inspector General, *Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States*, Volume II (October 8, 1998), chapter on other individuals (John Hull; March 7, 1989 reporting; July 31, 1987 SSCI briefing transcript), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/other.html
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off" [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 17: "We're going to blow your fucking head off"

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/John Van de Kamp.md
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@ -19,4 +19,4 @@ Three consecutive grand jury foremen and [[Ben Wagner]], an attorney representin
--- ---
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting shows the Mariposa County district attorney, Bruce Eckerson, resisting the CHP's call to prosecute Sinclair for six months, not acting on the attorney general's instructions: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/). Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Seymour, Cheri. *The Last Circle: Danny Casolaro's Investigation into the Octopus and the PROMIS Software Scandal.* TrineDay, 2010. Contemporaneous reporting shows the Mariposa County district attorney, Bruce Eckerson, resisting the CHP's call to prosecute Sinclair for six months, not acting on the attorney general's instructions: "Highway Patrol's Crash investigation questioned," United Press International, September 25, 1983 (https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/09/25/Highway-Patrols-Crash-investigation-questioned/7300433310400/).

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Jose Santacruz Londono.md
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@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ The Associated Press reported on March 6, 1996 that Santacruz, 54, regarded as t
### Allegations in the Casolaro material ### Allegations in the Casolaro material
According to [[Cheri Seymour]], [[Michael Riconosciuto]] told [[Danny Casolaro]] and her that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] paid Abbell to "crowbar" a Justice Department inquiry that would have led to the extradition of Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Santacruz Londoño, whom Nichols considered "intelligence people"; she places Santacruz Londoño among the figures of Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation. Seymour also wrote that Santacruz Londoño and Rodríguez Orejuela were targets of a DEA Centac investigation that produced indictments in Los Angeles and New York in 1978, that those cases did not go beyond indictment, and that disgruntled DEA agents suspected a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] connection after the Centac 21 task force was dismantled under the [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] administrations. Sole source for the passages so cited; the New York court record dates the investigation to 1979 and the indictment in No. 85 CR 596 to 1985.[^8] According to [[Cheri Seymour]], [[Michael Riconosciuto]] told [[Danny Casolaro]] and her that [[Robert Booth Nichols]] paid Abbell to "crowbar" a Justice Department inquiry that would have led to the extradition of Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Santacruz Londoño, whom Nichols considered "intelligence people"; she places Santacruz Londoño among the figures of Casolaro's "[[The Octopus]]" investigation. Seymour also wrote that Santacruz Londoño and Rodríguez Orejuela were targets of a DEA Centac investigation that produced indictments in Los Angeles and New York in 1978, that those cases did not go beyond indictment, and that disgruntled DEA agents suspected a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] connection after the Centac 21 task force was dismantled under the [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H.W. Bush]] administrations. The New York court record dates the investigation to 1979 and the indictment in No. 85 CR 596 to 1985.[^8]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Kenneth Hellstrom.md
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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In late October 1973, Kenneth Hellstrom reported to the Homewood Police Departme
Kenneth Hellstrom was murdered in January 1977, shortly after his 1976 testimony against [[John David Norman]], with his body discovered in the snow bearing a slit throat. [[Phillip Paske]] emerged as a prime suspect due to his close association with Norman, including cohabitation in the Chicago apartment for pornography production and assistance in launching The Delta Project during their time in Cook County Jail. The [[Chicago]] investigated the murder, but the case remained cold for decades until revived in 2007 and ultimately went unsolved.[^1] Kenneth Hellstrom was murdered in January 1977, shortly after his 1976 testimony against [[John David Norman]], with his body discovered in the snow bearing a slit throat. [[Phillip Paske]] emerged as a prime suspect due to his close association with Norman, including cohabitation in the Chicago apartment for pornography production and assistance in launching The Delta Project during their time in Cook County Jail. The [[Chicago]] investigated the murder, but the case remained cold for decades until revived in 2007 and ultimately went unsolved.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Hellstrom is not named in the 1977 House and Senate hearing records, and searches of archive.org and CourtListener found no record of the murder or of a confession by Fred Rogers; the Phillip Paske pages give the killing as January 1977 and February 1976. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. The Phillip Paske pages give the killing as January 1977 and February 1976.

6
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Krista Killen.md
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@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ Eugene Horsch announced her death on her [[Facebook]] page. He wrote: "Please le
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: "Krista M. Killen Obituary | 1978 - 2025 | Philadelphia, PA," Philadelphia Cremations, hosted on Tribute Archive. https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/45838508/krista-m.-killen [^1]: "Krista M. Killen Obituary | 1978 - 2025 | Philadelphia, PA," Philadelphia Cremations, hosted on Tribute Archive. https://www.tributearchive.com/obituaries/45838508/krista-m.-killen
[^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html Sole source for the account that Eugene shattered her bedroom door, which the Inquirer gives as told to two friends. [^2]: Laker, Barbara, Max Marin, Ryan W. Briggs, and Ellie Rushing. "Five takeaways from Philly missing women mystery connected to Raymond and Eugene Horsch," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 4, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-missing-women-20260804.html The Inquirer gives the account as told to two friends.
[^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html Sole source for the account of the basement room, the lock on the door, the basement warning, the Wynne quote, the amputation and fire details, and the medical examiner's statement. [^3]: "How a pornographer's violent fantasies blurred fact and fiction as cops searched Olney house for missing women," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 2, 2026 (the Dark Arts feature). https://www.inquirer.com/news/a/raymond-eugene-horsch-olney-philadelphia-missing-women-history-20260802.html
[^4]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Barbara Laker. "A woman missing since 2016 had close ties to the Olney house that's now the target of a massive investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 27, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/olney-raid-missing-women-mystery-drugs-20260627.html [^4]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Barbara Laker. "A woman missing since 2016 had close ties to the Olney house that's now the target of a massive investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* June 27, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/olney-raid-missing-women-mystery-drugs-20260627.html
[^5]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Ellie Rushing. "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. The article describes Killen as "Horsch's longtime companion, who died of an overdose last year." https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html [^5]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, and Ellie Rushing. "A troubling photo of a missing woman appeared on Raymond Horsch's erotic website, years before police investigated," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* August 21, 2026. The article describes Killen as "Horsch's longtime companion, who died of an overdose last year." https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-eugene-horsch-missing-women-olney-blair-tonzelli-20260821.html
[^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the passages so cited; the article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*. [^6]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings The article spells the name "Krsita" once and "Krista" in the quotation, and attributes the book text to the *New York Post*.

4
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/L. Ron Hubbard.md
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@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ Hubbard died on Friday, January 24, 1986 at a ranch near San Luis Obispo, Califo
[^9]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Naval Hospital Oakland, report of Board of Medical Survey, 1945; Bureau of Naval Personnel letters on release from active duty; Physical Evaluation Board findings referring to release from active duty on February 16, 1946. [^9]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Naval Hospital Oakland, report of Board of Medical Survey, 1945; Bureau of Naval Personnel letters on release from active duty; Physical Evaluation Board findings referring to release from active duty on February 16, 1946.
[^10]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): letter of resignation, North Hollywood, November 14, 1947; Chief of Naval Personnel to Hubbard, December 13, 1947 (Pers-3121-WQD/wcp); Hubbard's letter withdrawing the resignation; Secretary of the Navy approval of May 12, 1950; acceptance of resignation of May 27, 1950; separation record listing American Defense, Asiatic-Pacific, Victory and expert rifle and pistol. [^10]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): letter of resignation, North Hollywood, November 14, 1947; Chief of Naval Personnel to Hubbard, December 13, 1947 (Pers-3121-WQD/wcp); Hubbard's letter withdrawing the resignation; Secretary of the Navy approval of May 12, 1950; acceptance of resignation of May 27, 1950; separation record listing American Defense, Asiatic-Pacific, Victory and expert rifle and pistol.
[^11]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Navy Department letter of November 14, 1972 to Russell Salamon (K. C. Walser, by direction of the Chief of Naval Personnel); letter of the Flag Operations Liaison Office, Eastern United States, A Branch of the Church of Scientology of New York, to the National Personnel Records Center, May 28, 1974; National Personnel Records Center memorandum for the record, December 17, 1984. [^11]: NARA Navy records (cited at note 2): Navy Department letter of November 14, 1972 to Russell Salamon (K. C. Walser, by direction of the Chief of Naval Personnel); letter of the Flag Operations Liaison Office, Eastern United States, A Branch of the Church of Scientology of New York, to the National Personnel Records Center, May 28, 1974; National Personnel Records Center memorandum for the record, December 17, 1984.
[^12]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times (London), 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, and Crowley's letter to Germer of May 22, 1946, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946. Sole source for the August 1, 1945 arrival date, the name Allied Enterprises and the investment figures. [^12]: Bogdan, Henrik, "The Babalon Working 1946: L. Ron Hubbard, John Whiteside Parsons, and the Practice of Enochian Magic," Numen 63 (2016), pp. 12-32, citing Alexander Mitchell, "The Odd Beginning of Ron Hubbard's Career," The Sunday Times (London), 1969, and the Church of Scientology statement of December 28, 1969, and Crowley's letter to Germer of May 22, 1946, archive.org/details/l.-ron-hubbard-john-whiteside-parsons-the-practice-of-enochian-magic-the-babalon-working-1946.
[^13]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm. [^13]: Wolfe, Jane, letter to Karl Germer, January 23, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-23-Wolfe-to-Germer.htm.
[^14]: Parsons, John W., letters to Aleister Crowley of January 21, February 2, March 6 and July 5, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-02-02-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-03-06-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-07-05-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm; the pooling-of-resources passage is printed in the transcription of the circa February 1946 letter (1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm). [^14]: Parsons, John W., letters to Aleister Crowley of January 21, February 2, March 6 and July 5, 1946, aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-01-21-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-02-02-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-03-06-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm, 1946-07-05-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm; the pooling-of-resources passage is printed in the transcription of the circa February 1946 letter (1946-02-00-Parsons-to-Crowley.htm).
[^15]: Culling, Louis T., letter to Karl Germer, May 12, 1946 (extract), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-05-12-Culling-to-Germer.html. [^15]: Culling, Louis T., letter to Karl Germer, May 12, 1946 (extract), aleistercrowleytimeline.com/Correspondence/1946/1946-05-12-Culling-to-Germer.html.
@ -215,6 +215,6 @@ Hubbard died on Friday, January 24, 1986 at a ranch near San Luis Obispo, Califo
[^32]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974; Hanlon, Joseph, New Scientist, October 17, 1974, and the same passage in Nature's issue of October 18, 1974; Hyman, Ray, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4 in the STARGATE collection. [^32]: "Boom Times on the Psychic Frontier," Time, March 4, 1974; Hanlon, Joseph, New Scientist, October 17, 1974, and the same passage in Nature's issue of October 18, 1974; Hyman, Ray, "Psychics and Scientists: 'Mind-Reach' and Remote Viewing," The Humanist, May/June 1977; CIA-RDP96-00787R000100030002-8, CIA-RDP96-00787R000700110020-3, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200090024-7 and CIA-RDP96-00787R000200080037-4 in the STARGATE collection.
[^33]: Wilhelm, John L., Washington Post, 1977 (article on the military potential of parapsychology, photographs by David Suter), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3. [^33]: Wilhelm, John L., Washington Post, 1977 (article on the military potential of parapsychology, photographs by David Suter), CIA-RDP96-00788R001700360003-3.
[^34]: Psychological report on six SRI parapsychology subjects, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0 (also -00787R000700090021-5); Office of Technical Service memorandum for the record OTS/BAB 287-77, November 17, 1977, with article on Patrick Price, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0; SRI session transcript of October 4, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130011-6. [^34]: Psychological report on six SRI parapsychology subjects, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200140007-0 (also -00787R000700090021-5); Office of Technical Service memorandum for the record OTS/BAB 287-77, November 17, 1977, with article on Patrick Price, CIA-RDP96-00787R000500170001-0; SRI session transcript of October 4, 1973, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130011-6.
[^35]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI work, archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^35]: Schnabel, Jim. Remote Viewers: The Secret History of America's Psychic Spies. New York: Dell, 1997, chapter on the SRI work, archive.org/details/jim-schnabel-remote-viewers-the-secret-history-of-americas-psychic-spies_2.
[^36]: Adams, Jacqueline, Washington Times, January 29, 1986, in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100200068-4. [^36]: Adams, Jacqueline, Washington Times, January 29, 1986, in the CIA reading room, CIA-RDP90-00806R000100200068-4.
[^37]: "Founding Church of Scientology" funeral service text attributed to L. Ron Hubbard, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020051-4. [^37]: "Founding Church of Scientology" funeral service text attributed to L. Ron Hubbard, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200020051-4.

12
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lee Hamilton.md
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@ -38,11 +38,11 @@ Hamilton co-chaired the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United
[^1]: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. "Hamilton, Lee Herbert." bioguide.congress.gov. [^1]: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. "Hamilton, Lee Herbert." bioguide.congress.gov.
[^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force. *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*. 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 1993. [^2]: U.S. House of Representatives, October Surprise Task Force. *Joint Report of the Task Force to Investigate Certain Allegations Concerning the Holding of American Hostages by Iran in 1980*. 102nd Congress, 2nd Session, January 1993.
[^3]: "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992 (reprinted in *The Seattle Times*, May 29, 1992). https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/ [^3]: "Head of Iran Hostage Probe Linked to Arms Deal," *Hartford Courant*, May 29, 1992 (reprinted in *The Seattle Times*, May 29, 1992). https://www.courant.com/1992/05/29/head-of-iran-hostage-probe-linked-to-arms-deal/
[^4]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/ Sole source for the Barcella account. [^4]: Parry, Robert. "Inside the October Surprise Cover-up." *Consortium News*, July 12, 2011. https://consortiumnews.com/2011/07/12/inside-the-october-surprise-cover-up/
[^5]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde." *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html Sole source for the addendum account. [^5]: Meldon, Jerry. "Dr. Hamilton and Mr. Hyde." *Consortium News*, March 27, 2008, with addendum from Robert Parry. https://consortiumnews.com/2008/032608c.html
[^6]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. [^6]: Parry, Robert. "Second Thoughts on October Surprise," *Consortium News*, June 8, 2013. https://consortiumnews.com/2013/06/08/second-thoughts-on-october-surprise/
[^7]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton statement about the report as reported by Parry. [^7]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report." *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html
[^8]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/ Sole source for the Hamilton statement of 2010 as reported by Parry. [^8]: Parry, Robert. "The October Surprise Mysteries." *Consortium News*, October 22, 2012. https://consortiumnews.com/2012/10/22/the-october-surprise-mysteries/
[^9]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (text of H. Res. 585 and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm [^9]: U.S. House of Representatives, *Congressional Record*, October 2, 1992 (text of H. Res. 585 and floor statement of Rep. Beilenson). https://irp.fas.org/congress/1992_cr/h921002-october.htm
[^10]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html Sole source for the Hamilton statement as reported by Parry. [^10]: Parry, Robert. "The Russian Report," *Consortium News*, August 5, 2010. https://consortiumnews.com/2010/080510.html
[^11]: Hamilton, Lee H. "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed." *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993 (Section 4, p. 17). https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html The text states that the staff "conducted over 230 formal interviews and depositions" and finds "virtually no credible evidence." [^11]: Hamilton, Lee H. "DIALOGUE: Last Word on the October Surprise?; Case Closed." *The New York Times*, January 24, 1993 (Section 4, p. 17). https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/24/opinion/dialogue-last-word-on-the-october-surprise-case-closed.html The text states that the staff "conducted over 230 formal interviews and depositions" and finds "virtually no credible evidence."

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Linda Moulton Howe.md
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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Moore said in his speech of July 1, 1989 that in early 1983 "I became aware that
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), author's biography, photograph caption (p. xvi) and Author's Preface (pp. xvi to xviii), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014 [^1]: Linda Moulton Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, 2nd ed. (2014), author's biography, photograph caption (p. xvi) and Author's Preface (pp. xvi to xviii), https://archive.org/details/howe-l.-m.-an-alien-harvest-2nd-ed-2014
[^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account; sole source for the passages so cited except where another note is given. [^2]: Howe, *An Alien Harvest*, Chapter 7, "Government Knowledge," pp. 137 to 162 and Appendix 4, same URL. First-person account.
[^3]: Philip J. Klass, *Skeptics UFO Newsletter* no. 44, March 1997, p. 3 (Howe's account "published in the December 1987 issue of Just Cause"; Doty's letter of March 3, 1988 published in the June 1988 issue), https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/docs/SUN/SUN44.pdf [^3]: Philip J. Klass, *Skeptics UFO Newsletter* no. 44, March 1997, p. 3 (Howe's account "published in the December 1987 issue of Just Cause"; Doty's letter of March 3, 1988 published in the June 1988 issue), https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/docs/SUN/SUN44.pdf
[^4]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. Howe's statements reach the page through Hastings's telephone conversation with her. [^4]: Robert Hastings, "The MJ-12 Affair: Facts, Questions, Comments," March 1, 1989, Wayback Machine capture of October 28, 2016, https://web.archive.org/web/20161028084620/http://www.sacred-texts.com/ufo/hastings.htm. Howe's statements reach the page through Hastings's telephone conversation with her.
[^5]: William L. Moore, 1989b, as quoted in "E B E's," part 11, UFO BBS file UFO1030, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1030.ufo. [^5]: William L. Moore, 1989b, as quoted in "E B E's," part 11, UFO BBS file UFO1030, http://textfiles.com/ufo/UFOBBS/1000/1030.ufo.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Lyndon B. Johnson.md
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@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ As Senate Majority Leader, Johnson made [[Bobby Baker]] his secretary of the Sen
[^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967 (Saunders's handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236 [^4]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 236, Notes of a Meeting of the Special Committee of the National Security Council, June 9, 1967 (Saunders's handwritten notes). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d236
[^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284 [^5]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 284, Intelligence Memorandum, "The Israeli Attack on the USS Liberty," June 13, 1967, with source note on Helms's notes of the June 12 meeting and Rostow's covering memorandum of June 13. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d284
[^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324 [^6]: Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XIX, Document 324, Memorandum from Rostow to President Johnson, June 26, 1967. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d324
[^7]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of Boston's declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for the Kidd conversation. [^7]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of Boston's declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf.
[^8]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, July 2003 (Kidd's death year). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret [^8]: Ronald Fraser, "Captain Boston's Secret," *U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings*, July 2003 (Kidd's death year). https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/captain-bostons-secret
[^9]: Associated Press, Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp [^9]: Associated Press, Fox News, October 23, 2003. https://www.foxnews.com/story/ex-navy-official-1967-israeli-attack-on-u-s-ship-was-deliberate.amp
[^10]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. The Tribune's text reads "the Israelis' explanation of how the mistake had occurred was not believed"; the Hart quotation is Hart's recollection as the Tribune reported it. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/ [^10]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. The Tribune's text reads "the Israelis' explanation of how the mistake had occurred was not believed"; the Hart quotation is Hart's recollection as the Tribune reported it. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/

32
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Max Millikan.md
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@ -54,6 +54,12 @@ relations:
start: 1955-06-05 start: 1955-06-05
end: 1955-06-10 end: 1955-06-10
fn: 16 fn: 16
- type: participant_in
with: "[[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel]]"
role: "panel member, Quantico II; source book papers on thresholds of U.S. effort and economic policy"
start: 1955-08
end: 1955-11
fn: 17
--- ---
Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952. Max F. Millikan was an economist at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] who was a member of the [[Project Troy]] study group of 1950 to 1951, took leave in January 1951 to head the Office of Research and Reports at the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], and became the first director of the [[Center for International Studies]] at MIT in 1952.
@ -92,19 +98,19 @@ In February 1961 [[Allen Dulles|Allen W. Dulles]] wrote to Millikan, as director
### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, 1955 ### Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel, 1955
In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman, and the other members included [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Philip Mosely]] and Hans Speier.[^16] In June 1955 Millikan was one of eleven experts whom [[Nelson Rockefeller]] invited to [[Quantico Vulnerabilities Panel|Quantico]], Virginia, to study methods of exploiting Communist bloc vulnerabilities. The panel met June 5 to 10. [[Walt Rostow]] of the Center for International Studies was designated its chairman. The other members were [[Frederick Dunn]], [[C. D. Jackson]], [[Ellis A. Johnson]], [[Paul Linebarger]], [[Philip Mosely]], [[George Pettee]], [[Stefan Possony]], Hans Speier and [[Charles A. H. Thomson]].[^16] Millikan was also one of the twelve members of the second panel, which was often called Quantico II. That group met in Washington in late August and at Quantico in September 1955, and its source book contains two papers by Millikan, "Thresholds of U.S. Effort" and "Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy."[^17][^18]
### Funding ### Funding
[[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^17] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^18] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^19] [[Patrick Oster]] of the [[Chicago Sun-Times]] reported in the [[Washington Post]] of September 11, 1977 that the CIA had secretly financed an MIT research project on how to turn Soviet scientists into agents, carried out by [[Anthony J. Wiener]], "who at the time was affiliated with MIT's Center for International Studies, which was set up in 1951 with CIA money and had as its first director Max F. Millikan, a former assistant director of the agency." The article placed the project under "Project MK-ULTRA" and said the money passed through the [[Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology]].[^19] [[Time]] of February 24, 1967 reported "directly and without masquerade" "$300,000 to finance M.I.T.'s topflight Center for International Studies," and that MIT then "terminated the contract 'for practical, not moral reasons.'" In the same article Millikan, described as "the sage director of M.I.T.'s International Center," was quoted: "The number of my friends around here who have swallowed this 'invisible government' line is disturbing."[^20] Testifying before the Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee, [[Andreas Lowenfeld]] said of the center in 1951 and 1952: "they had some kind of contract with the CIA," and, asked whether he knew it was a CIA operation, "I was never formally told, but it became apparent." Asked whether Walt Rostow was in charge, he said: "He was acting, I guess … and then Mr. Millikan came."[^21]
A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^20] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^21] A [[Philadelphia Inquirer]] clipping in agency files, headlined "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," states: "On April 26, Dr. Max Millikan, director of the MIT Center of International Studies, said the college would reluctantly drop research contracts with the CIA because they were 'subject to misinterpretation.'" It quotes Millikan, "There never was a secret" about the contracts.[^22] A letter of April 21, 1971, on the center's letterhead and sent to [[Richard Helms]] by a writer whose name is redacted in the copy, states that "some years ago our Center for International Studies cancelled contracts with the CIA." The writer places the break with the agency: "It was the CIA and not the university which declined to continue relations on such terms."[^23]
### Death ### Death
MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^22] MIT's archival description of his papers states that Millikan was a member of the MIT faculty from 1949, was appointed professor of economics and director of the Center for International Studies on returning to MIT in 1952, and held both posts until his death on December 14, 1969.[^1] MIT's account of the center says that its first director served for more than fifteen years and urged faculty to become "social science entrepreneurs."[^11] MIT News in 2026 describes him as an adviser to President [[John F. Kennedy]] who drafted the proposal for the [[Peace Corps]], and says that a 1961 memorandum from him to Kennedy helped inspire its creation.[^24]
The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^23] The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the Center since a few months after its founding in 1952" and died on December 14, 1969, aged 56, and the Dean's report for that year calls him "A valued member of both the Department of Economics and the Department of Political Science."[^25]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
@ -124,10 +130,12 @@ The MIT President's report for 1969 to 1970 states that he was "Director of the
[^14]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407 [^14]: CIA Office of Security, memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence, April 11, 1958, CIA reading room document 0001477407, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/0001477407
[^15]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9 [^15]: Allen W. Dulles, letter to Max F. Millikan, Director, Center for International Studies, February 27, 1961, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01676R003500160028-9. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01676r003500160028-9
[^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26 [^16]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 26, editorial note on the Quantico Panel, p. 84, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d26
[^17]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8 [^17]: *Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957, Volume XIX, National Security Policy*, document 42, editorial note on the Quantico II Panel, pp. 153-154, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v19/d42. Lists Millikan among the twelve members invited on August 16, 1955.
[^18]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8 [^18]: "Psychological Aspects of United States Strategy: Source Book of Individual Papers," November 1955, CIA reading room copy, CIA-RDP86B00269R000300120001-4, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp86b00269r000300120001-4. Contents list papers 2 ("Thresholds of U. S. Effort") and 3 ("Economic Policy as an Instrument of Political and Psychological Policy") by Max Millikan, Director, Center of International Studies, MIT.
[^19]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3 [^19]: Patrick Oster, "CIA Envisioned Soviet Scientists as U.S. Agents," Chicago Sun-Times, reprinted in the Washington Post, September 11, 1977, p. A-9, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP88-01315R000400460003-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000400460003-8
[^20]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7 [^20]: Time, February 24, 1967, vol. 89, no. 8, The Nation, pp. 15 to 16, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP84-00161R000400210135-8. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp84-00161r000400210135-8
[^21]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2 [^21]: U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Internal Security Subcommittee, extracts from hearings (Part 3) on State Department security and passport regulations, testimony of Andreas F. Lowenfeld (Part 3, pp. 331 to 332), CIA reading room document CIA-RDP75-00149R000400560007-3. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400560007-3
[^22]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917 [^22]: Philadelphia Inquirer clipping, headline "Penn Denies Campus Has CIA Agents," CIA reading room document CIA-RDP73-00475R000401020013-7. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp73-00475r000401020013-7
[^23]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013 [^23]: Letter dated April 21, 1971, on Center for International Studies letterhead, 30 Wadsworth Street, Cambridge, to Richard M. Helms, CIA reading room document CIA-RDP80B01086A000900210009-2. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp80b01086a000900210009-2
[^24]: MIT News, "Understanding the world, from the Cold War to the age of AI," September 17, 2026. https://news.mit.edu/2026/understanding-world-from-cold-war-to-age-of-ai-0917
[^25]: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Report of the President for the academic year 1969 to 1970, Center for International Studies, p. 218, and report of the Dean of Humanities and Social Science, p. 196. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/160013

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---
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
title: Melvin J. Lasky
aliases:
- Melvin J. Lasky
- Melvin Lasky
- Melvin Jonah Lasky
- Lasky
category: "Authors & Journalists"
tags:
- Person
- MelvinLasky
- DerMonat
- Encounter
- CongressForCulturalFreedom
- InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom
- ColdWar
- CulturalColdWar
- FirstGermanWritersCongress
- BerlinCongress1950
- UnitedStatesArmy
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- MichaelJosselson
- FrankWisner
- FordFoundation
summary: "American journalist and editor who founded Der Monat in 1948, helped initiate the Congress for Cultural Freedom, and co-edited Encounter from December 1958 until the magazine closed."
start: 1920
end: 2004
location: "New York; Berlin; London; Munich"
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[United States Army]]"
start: 1945-01
end: 1946
role: "second lieutenant with the Army's historical branch, attached to the Seventh Army information and historical section"
fn: 3
- type: participant_in
with: "[[First German Writers' Congress]]"
start: 1947-10
end: 1947-10
role: "delivered an address on freedom of the mind at the congress of October 4 to 8, 1947"
fn: 5
- type: founded
with: "[[Der Monat]]"
start: 1948-10
role: "founding editor of the German-language journal; first issue October 1, 1948"
fn: 10
- type: head_of
with: "[[Der Monat]]"
start: 1948-10
role: "editor with Hellmut Jaesrich; the journal passed from the American High Commission to a private German publishing company on October 1, 1954"
fn: 10
- type: founded
with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]"
start: 1950-06
end: 1950-11
role: "one of the initiators of the Berlin conference; removed from overt roles by November 1950 under pressure from the CIA"
fn: 11
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of Military Government for Germany, United States]]"
start: 1947
role: "employee of the American occupation government in Berlin, per the CIA history of the congress"
fn: 11
- type: head_of
with: "[[Encounter]]"
start: 1958-12
end: 1990-09
role: "co-editor with Stephen Spender from the December 1958 issue, succeeding Irving Kristol; the BnF record and the September 1990 masthead end the run in 1990, Reason gives June 1991"
fn: 19
---
Melvin Jonah Lasky (1920 to 2004) was an American journalist and magazine editor. He was born in [[New York City]] on January 15, 1920, served as a combat historian with the [[United States Army]] during the Second World War, founded the German-language journal [[Der Monat]] in [[Berlin]] in 1948, helped initiate the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]], and co-edited the [[London]] monthly [[Encounter]] from 1958. He died at his home in Berlin on May 19, 2004.[^1][^2]
### Army service, 1945 to 1946
Lasky was a second lieutenant when he began a diary on January 22, 1945 at Fort Totten, New York, while waiting to be shipped to Europe. He concluded it in [[Frankfurt]] on December 19, 1945. As a trained historian he secured a place in the Army's historical branch, attached to the [[Seventh United States Army]] information and historical section, and the diary records the reporting trips he made with frontline units.[^3][^4] A brief excerpt, "Travel Diary in Germany," appeared anonymously in the magazine [[Common Sense]] in June 1945.[^3] Lasky left the military in 1946.[^3]
The typescript, 250 pages long, was not published until 2022, when [[Charlotte A. Lerg]] edited it as The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky: Into Germany at the End of World War II, with an introduction by Lerg and [[Maren Roth]]. Lasky's assistant, [[Marc Svetov]], found the typescript in three ring binders after Lasky's death.[^3]
### The Berlin writers' congress, 1947
The First German Writers' Congress met from October 4 to 8, 1947, convened by the [[Kulturbund]] with [[Ricarda Huch]] presiding. [[Karol Kubicki]], who attended, placed the congress in the Admiralspalast and wrote that Lasky opened a sustained attack on the Communists, who in their zone were suppressing freedom of the word. The hall split after about thirty minutes, and Kubicki described the congress as the last all-German writers' congress.[^5] [[Jüdische Allgemeine]] places the speech in the Deutsches Theater in East Berlin and reports that Huch alone supported Lasky's criticism of Soviet censorship.[^6]
Lasky wrote in The Nation in 1967 that he had been invited as a free-lance American journalist to make a brief talk to the first postwar German writers' congress, that his theme was the need to resist all forms of censorship anywhere, that the talk was controversial given the Russian venue, and that there was vigorous discussion. He denied that he had led a walk-out of anti-Communists from the meeting.[^7] The speech, titled "Von der geistigen Freiheit," was printed in Die Neue Zeitung on October 10, 1947 with the reply of the Soviet writer [[Valentin Kataev]], who said he had heard the speech of the unknown writer Lasky and was very glad finally to see a living warmonger.[^8] [[Hans Mayer]] later wrote that it was a speech meant to divide and not to unite.[^9] Der Spiegel wrote in 1954 that Lasky read the speech from his manuscript.[^10]
Kubicki also wrote that, at Lasky's initiative, the Congress for Cultural Freedom was installed as a permanent institution in the American sector and the journal Der Monat was founded.[^5]
### Der Monat, 1948 to 1958
According to Der Spiegel, a colonel named Textor, the information chief of General [[Lucius D. Clay]], offered Lasky the editorship of a serious monthly in which Soviet ideology was to be fought on the highest cultural level, after the 1947 speech. Lasky brought in the German publicist [[Hellmut Jaesrich]] as co-editor. The first issue appeared on October 1, 1948 in the blockaded city, its manuscripts edited by candlelight, flown to Munich for printing and the bales of finished copies flown back in.[^10] The CIA history of the congress describes the journal as "a journal sponsored by the American occupation government that brought Western writers once more into the ken of the German public." It also calls Lasky "an employee of the American occupation government."[^11] The AP obituary has Lasky reporting in Der Monat on the East German uprising of 1953 and the Hungarian revolution of 1956, and says the magazine caused a scandal in Germany in the 1960s when it came to light that it was partly funded by the CIA.[^2] The writer Edward McLaren wrote that Lasky had received Marshall Aid funding for Der Monat and that in 1947 he wrote a message to General Clay that became known as "The Melvin Lasky Proposal."[^12]
Der Spiegel reported on October 13, 1954 that a telex of March 1954, signed by Alfred Boerner, head of the Public Affairs division of the American High Commission ([[HICOG]]), instructed Lasky to order no further articles after June 30 because HICOG sponsorship of Der Monat would end with the financial year. From October 1 the journal ceased to be an organ of the American occupation authorities and became a private enterprise, published by a newly founded Verlagsgesellschaft fuer internationale Publizistik. Der Spiegel named it the first case in which a former HICOG periodical was transferred into a German publishing house with private American money. The magazine wrote that the transition was eased by a single grant of 175,000 dollars from the [[Ford Foundation]], that [[John J. McCloy]] and [[Shepard Stone]], formerly director of Public Affairs at HICOG, were among the Ford officials friendly to the magazine, that the grant carried no conditions, and that the Ford representatives declined a seat on the board of the new publishing company.[^10]
The Ford Foundation's annual report for 1954 states: "Der Monat was established in 1948 by United States Government authorities in an effort to encourage democratic trends in the intellectual life of postwar Germany and to develop contacts between the intellectual leaders of Germany and of the free nations. United States Government support for Der Monat ceased in 1954." The foundation appropriated 175,000 dollars in 1954 to assist the review, covering a three-year period, with the Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Publizistik (International Publications, Inc.) as grantee.[^13] The foundation's grant lists for 1955 through 1958 carry further entries for International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) described as support or publication of the monthly international review Der Monat.[^14] Lasky wrote in The Nation in 1967 that for ten years he had edited Der Monat in Berlin, "until 1954 for the USIA, and thereafter (after a brief losing battle with McCarthyism) under a direct Ford Foundation grant."[^7]
A 1996 review in [[Partisan Review]] quotes a passage that reads "Thus it was decided to terminate Der Monat, which was financed by the military authorities." The same review states that "It was believed that he was an agent of American intelligence" and that "The documents show that Lasky was anything but persona grata in Washington," and says the journal survived through the support of McCloy and others who had known Lasky in Berlin.[^15] Jüdische Allgemeine states that the Congress for Cultural Freedom financed the magazine for several years, and that the congress was itself fed by intelligence-service money.[^6] The University of Chicago holds the records of Der Monat as a separate collection from the congress's own records.[^16]
### Berlin, 1949 to 1950
Lasky met the former Communists [[Franz Borkenau]] and [[Ruth Fischer]] in Frankfurt in August 1949, and the three hatched a plan for a conference of the non-Communist Left in Berlin the following year. Lasky was 29.[^11] [[Michael Josselson]] took up the plan, and his proposal reached [[Washington, D.C.]] in January 1950, on or about January 25. In late December Lasky sent a proposal of his own to the philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], who replied on January 11, 1950. Officers of the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] met on February 6 and gave Josselson the go-ahead.[^11][^17]
[[Frank Wisner]], head of the Office of Policy Coordination, approved a 50,000-dollar project on April 7, 1950 and wanted Lasky and [[James Burnham]] kept out of sight in Berlin, for fear that their presence would give ammunition to Communist critics.[^11][^17] According to the CIA history, Lasky "had appointed himself the driving force behind the event," and Josselson cabled that "No other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^17] The same history notes that Communist organs, on the eve of the congress, would accuse Lasky of being an agent of the US Army and of "the American secret service," citing a June 25, 1950 New York Times report headed "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley."[^17] The congress opened at the [[Titania Palace]] in [[West Berlin]] on June 26, 1950.[^11]
A memorandum of August 4, 1950 from Louis Glaser to [[Frank Lindsay]] recorded Lasky's activities in connection with the congress under the project name PDQUICK.[^17] Wisner's memorandum of August 8, 1950 to C. D. G. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," began that he remained "very disturbed" at the non-observance of his memorandum of April 7, in which he had approved the project "subject to the condition that Lasky would not be permitted to figure publicly in this operation." It called Lasky's conduct "a major blunder," and stated: "unless means can be found to sanitize this operation by the removal of Lasky, Burnham and other persons of known or traceable official significance from overt roles in the proposed continuing organization, then I am unwilling to have OPC continue its backing." A postscript recorded that General Magruder had shown a report on the congress to Secretary Johnson, who had shown it to the President, "who expressed himself as being very well pleased."[^18] The CIA history adds that Wisner described Lasky's visibility as "a major blunder," recognized as such "by our best friends in the Department of State," and that Josselson cabled a protest. In its words, "Lasky had to go, and OPC contrived to have him removed from the project and canceled his operational clearance."[^17]
The steering committee formally established the congress as a permanent body on November 27, 1950, with [[Denis de Rougemont]] as president of its executive committee, after Lasky and Burnham had been removed from prominent roles.[^11][^17]
### Encounter, 1958 to 1990
Encounter was published in London from October 1953, and its first issue named [[Stephen Spender]] and [[Irving Kristol]] as editors. The mastheads of the issues through November 1958 carry those two names; the December 1958 issue (volume XI, number 6) reads "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky."[^19] Reason wrote that Lasky took over Encounter from Kristol in 1958.[^20] The [[Bibliotheque nationale de France]] catalogue lists Lasky as directeur de publication from 1958 and Kristol from 1953 to 1958, and gives the run of the magazine as 1953 to 1990, ending with the September 1990 issue.[^21] The September 1990 masthead (volume LXXV, number 2) names Lasky and [[Anthony Hartley]] as editors.[^19] Reason gives the demise as June 1991, the New Criterion places the closure in 1991, and the Associated Press obituary gives Lasky's editorship as running from 1953 to 1991.[^2][^20][^22] A 2025 essay gives the end as 1990.[^12]
[[Thomas W. Braden]], who had headed the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s International Organizations Division, wrote in 1967: "Money for both the orchestra's tour and the magazine came from the CIA, and few outside the CIA knew about it." He continued that the agency had placed one agent in the Congress for Cultural Freedom and that "Another agent became an editor of Encounter."[^23]
The [[New Criterion]] obituary states that Lasky graduated from City College of New York in the same class as Kristol and [[Seymour Martin Lipset]], that he moved to London in the late 1950s to take over the co-editorship with Spender, and that his books included The Hungarian Revolution (1957), Africa for Beginners and Utopia and Revolution (1977). It quotes Sidney Hook, writing in 1985, on Lasky's "extraordinary intellectual and moral courage."[^22]
### The 1966 and 1967 disclosures
On May 10, 1966, Spender, Lasky and Kristol wrote letters to the editor of the [[New York Times]], published in May 1966.[^24] In a letter to the [[Wall Street Journal]], filed in the CIA's copy with a stamp of April 8, 1974, Lasky wrote that he had not called the congress a CIA front, that "A 'front' in common political usage refers to a phony body set up for manipulative purposes," and that the congress "was never that, although most of its financial support came, as is now well known, from American foundations many of which derived their funds from the CIA."[^25]
In The Nation of October 2, 1967, replying to an essay by [[Christopher Lasch]] on "The Cultural Cold War" in the issue of September 11, Lasky wrote that he had already stated publicly in the London Times of May 9 that Braden's allegation was untrue; that when he became an editor of Encounter in 1958, at the invitation of the then co-editors, he "had no knowledge of the CIA's involvement and was, then as now, nobody's agent"; and that when he "subsequently became aware that some of the grants which various U.S. donors gave to the Congress for Cultural Freedom to help subsidize Encounter's publishing deficit were not in fact private but covert governmental funds, I did everything in my power to end this. In 1964, Cecil Harmsworth King and the Daily Mirror group in London took over the financial sponsorship of Encounter." He also wrote that he had never been a Communist and that there had been no resignation by him from Encounter. Lasch replied in the same issue that the New York Times of May 9 had reported that Lasky "won a vote of confidence today from the magazine's backers and decided to stay on the job," and asked why Lasky had not confided his suspicions to his colleagues.[^7]
In 1967, according to McLaren, Lasky wrote to [[Isaiah Berlin]] that "IF there were an agent planted in Encounter …it could only have been Kristol or Spender." As a consequence, McLaren wrote, Spender resigned and Kristol threatened to sue Braden, leaving Lasky the only acting editor. [[Frank Kermode]] returned to the magazine after the [[International Publishing Corporation]] of London took over its financial burden from the CIA. The New York Times later that year reported that Lasky would stay on.[^12] The July 1967 issue of Encounter carried a notice from its trustees, [[Edward Shils]], [[Andrew Shonfield]], Sir [[William Haley]] and [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.]], regretting that Spender and Kermode had resigned, stating that Lasky "has agreed to remain as co-Editor," that [[Nigel Dennis]] had been appointed the other co-editor, and that before 1964 the magazine was financially supported by the Congress for Cultural Freedom and subsequently by the International Publishing Corporation, chaired by Cecil H. King. The June 1967 masthead read "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," with Spender as corresponding editor for the United States.[^19][^26]
McLaren also quotes the philosopher [[Richard Wollheim]], who recalled confronting Lasky and Spender with the rumour that the magazine was CIA-funded several years earlier, when he had been asked to join its board. Lasky answered: "Nothing easier. You can inspect the accounts, and see for yourself."[^12] McLaren states that Lasky went on to admit that he knew about the CIA funding of the Congress for Cultural Freedom from long before 1963. Michael Josselson told a Sunday Telegraph interviewer in 1967 that he was the sole person in the congress who knew its money came from the CIA, a statement McLaren attributes to the writer [[Sarah Miller Harris]].[^12]
[[Frances Stonor Saunders]]'s 1999 study of the congress's CIA connections is described by Lerg and Roth as focusing on those connections, and as one that "at times jumps to conclusions."[^3]
### Later work and papers
In 1975 Lasky published "Ulrike and Andreas" in The New York Times Magazine.[^27] His papers were donated to [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]] in 2008 and are held by the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies. The collection includes about 3,500 letters, calendars, New York and Berlin diaries, notebooks from travels to Africa and India, and reports from his postwar work for the US Army. Correspondents include [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Daniel Bell]], Isaiah Berlin, [[Friedrich von Hayek]], Sidney Hook, [[George Kennan]], Irving Kristol, [[Golo Mann]], [[Vladimir Nabokov]] and [[Lionel Trilling]].[^3][^28]
The Lasky Library at the same center holds about 10,000 volumes. The center's holdings complement the congress records at the University of Chicago and the Encounter archive at [[Boston University]].[^28]
### Death
Lasky died at his home in Berlin on May 19, 2004, aged 84, of a heart ailment. The AP obituary says he interviewed Winston Churchill, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt and Vaclav Havel, and that after entering Berlin with Clay's military government contingent he was close to being expelled by Clay in 1948 when Moscow imposed the Berlin Blockade, until Clay reversed course and hired him as an adviser, an account the AP attributes to Lasky's own website.[^2] The New York Times published an obituary headed "Melvin J. Lasky, Cultural Cold Warrior, Is Dead at 84" on May 22, 2004.[^29] The Washington Post obituary, as quoted by Reason, called him an "outspoken anti-communist" and recalled that "His critics enjoyed tweaking him by pointing out a visible irony," since "he looked exactly like V.I. Lenin."[^20]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, catalogue authority record for "Lasky, Melvin J. (1920-2004), Journalist, Herausgeber, Autor" (lifespan 15.01.1920 to 19.05.2004; born New York, died Berlin; linked to Encounter (1953-1991) and Der Monat). https://www.dla-marbach.de/en/catalogue/find/opac/id/PE00055073/
[^2]: Associated Press, "Anti-communist journalist Melvin Lasky dies," May 27, 2004, carried by NBC News. Died at his home in Berlin, aged 84, of a heart ailment on May 19; combat historian during the war; entered Berlin with the military government contingent; co-founded Der Monat in 1948 and reported on the 1953 East German uprising and the 1956 Hungarian revolution; the magazine caused a scandal in Germany in the 1960s when it came to light that it was partly funded by the CIA; 15 years at Der Monat; gives Encounter as edited "from 1953 to 1991"; interviews with Churchill, Eisenhower, Adenauer, Brandt and Havel; the Clay anecdote is attributed by the AP to Lasky's website. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5078030
[^3]: Charlotte A. Lerg and Maren Roth, introduction to Charlotte A. Lerg, ed., The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky: Into Germany at the End of World War II (Berghahn Books, 2022). Diary begun January 22, 1945 at Fort Totten and concluded in Frankfurt on December 19, 1945; 250-page typescript; Second Lieutenant Lasky; Army Historical Branch and the 7th Army Information and Historical Section; excerpt in Common Sense, June 1945; left the military in 1946; typescript found by Marc Svetov after May 19, 2004; papers donated to Ludwig Maximilian University in 2008; note 2 on Frances Stonor Saunders, Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War (Granta, 1999); bibliography entry for the New York Times obituary. https://www.v1.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/LergDiary_intro.pdf and https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/LergDiary
[^4]: Review of Charlotte A. Lerg, ed., The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky, "Reports from a Cold Crater," Los Angeles Review of Books. Account of the bird-dog expeditions and fact-finding trips with frontline troops; the Historical Section; Lasky's entry for April 22 on his colleagues. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/reports-from-a-cold-crater-on-charlotte-a-lergs-the-diary-of-lt-melvin-j-lasky
[^5]: Karol Kubicki, "Erinnerung an einen allerletzten Gesprächsversuch im Kulturbund zur demokratischen Erneuerung Deutschlands," memoir of the October 1947 congress, pp. 125 ff. Admiralspalast venue; Lasky's attack on Communist suppression of the word; the hall dividing after thirty minutes; Lasky's initiative for the Congress for Cultural Freedom and Der Monat; the Der Monat imprint. Translated by the drafter. https://zeitschrift-fsed.fu-berlin.de/index.php/zfsed/article/download/745/786/1478
[^6]: Jüdische Allgemeine, profile of Melvin J. Lasky ("Blattmacher, Wahl-Berliner, Freiheitsfreund"). Born in the Bronx on January 15, 1920 to Jewish-Polish immigrants; military historian with the 7th US Army; First German Writers' Congress speech at the Deutsches Theater, with Ricarda Huch as the only supporter; Congress for Cultural Freedom financing of Der Monat, itself fed by intelligence-service money; Encounter edited from London from 1958; return to Berlin in 1989. https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/kultur/blattmacher-wahlberliner-freiheitsfreund
[^7]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter to the editors, and Christopher Lasch, reply, The Nation, October 2, 1967, p. 309 (letters on Lasch's "The Cultural Cold War," The Nation, September 11, 1967), CIA reading room copy of a Saturday Review clipping file, CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6
[^8]: Sabine Rollberg, Von der Auferstehung des Geistes: eine Analyse des Feuilletons der Neuen Zeitung 1945-1949 (inaugural dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Bonn 1981), notes citing Melville Lasky, "Von der geistigen Freiheit," Die Neue Zeitung, October 10, 1947, and the reply of Kataev printed in its introduction: "Ich habe die Rede des unbekannten Schriftstellers Lasky gehört. Ich bin sehr erfreut, endlich einen lebenden Kriegsbrandstifter zu Gesicht zu bekommen." Translated by the reviewer. https://archive.org/details/IA41543108_0013
[^9]: Hans Mayer, Ein Deutscher auf Widerruf: Erinnerungen (Suhrkamp, 1982), on the 1947 congress: "Es war eine Rede, die Spaltung beabsichtigte, nicht Gemeinsamkeit." https://archive.org/details/eindeutscheraufw0000maye
[^10]: "Monat: Umzug ins Privatquartier," Der Spiegel, October 13, 1954, Press section. Telex of March 1954 signed Alfred Boerner; HICOG sponsorship ending with the financial year; Der Monat a private enterprise from October 1; the Ford Foundation grant of 175,000 dollars, McCloy and Shepard Stone, refusal of a board seat; Lasky's 1947 speech read from his manuscript; Colonel Textor's offer; Hellmut Jaesrich as co-editor; first issue October 1, 1948. Translated by the reviewer. https://archive.org/details/sim_spiegel_1954-10-13_8_42
[^11]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5. Der Monat "a journal sponsored by the American occupation government"; Lasky as "an employee of the American occupation government"; the August 1949 Frankfurt meeting with Borkenau and Fischer; Lasky "only 29"; Josselson's proposal reaching Washington in January 1950; Wisner's approval of the project outline on April 7 and the fear of ammunition to Communist critics; the Congress opening at the Titania Palace on 26 June 1950; Lasky and Burnham removed from prominent roles; permanent organization in November 1950. https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
[^12]: Edward McLaren, "How the CIA secretly funded Encounter," guest essay on The Common Reader, September 15, 2025. The Marshall Aid statement and the 1947 message to Clay ("The Melvin Lasky Proposal"); the letter to Isaiah Berlin; Spender's resignation, Kristol's threat to sue Braden, Kermode's return and the New York Times report that Lasky would stay on; the Wollheim recollection and Lasky's reply; Lasky's admission that he knew of the funding from long before 1963; the magazine lasting until 1990; Josselson's statement to the Sunday Telegraph as relayed by Sarah Miller Harris. https://www.commonreader.co.uk/p/stephen-spender-and-the-cia
[^13]: Ford Foundation, Annual Report 1954, section "Der Monat" (International Affairs). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1954-annual-report.pdf
[^14]: Ford Foundation, Annual Reports 1955, 1956, 1957 and 1958, grant lists, entries for International Publications, Inc. ("Support of the monthly international review, 'Der Monat'"; "Publication of the monthly international review, 'Der Monat'"; 1957 and 1958 "International Publications, Inc. (Berlin) Support of the international review 'Der Monat'"). https://www.fordfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/1955-annual-report.pdf and the same path for 1956, 1957 and 1958.
[^15]: Partisan Review, vol. 63, no. 2 (1996), p. 192, review passages on Der Monat ("Thus it was decided to terminate Der Monat, which was financed by the military authorities"), the belief that Lasky was an agent of American intelligence, Lasky's standing in Washington, and the support of McCloy. https://www.bu.edu/partisanreview/books/PR1996V63N2/HTML/files/assets/basic-html/page22.html
[^16]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," scope note (Der Monat "form a separate collection"). https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^17]: CIA history of the Congress for Cultural Freedom's origins, National Archives, Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel release 2014-090, Doc. 1, pt. 3 of 12. Josselson proposal reaching OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950; Lasky's proposal to Hook in late December and Hook's reply of January 11, 1950; the OPC meeting of February 6; Wisner's approval of the 50,000-dollar project on April 7, 1950; Lasky as "the driving force behind the event"; Josselson's cable; note 63 citing New York Times, June 25, 1950, p. 5, "Paper in Soviet Zone Hits Culture Parley"; Louis Glaser to Frank Lindsay, "Activities of Mr. Melvin Lasky in connection with Congress for Cultural Freedom (Project PDQUICK)," August 4, 1950; Wisner to Breckinridge, August 8, 1950, and "a major blunder"; "Lasky had to go"; formal establishment of the congress on November 27, 1950. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
[^18]: Memorandum for Mr. Breckinridge, "Berlin Congress for Cultural Freedom; activities of Melvin Lasky," signed F.G.W. (Frank G. Wisner), August 8, 1950, with postscript, CIA reading room copy released March 2006. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0001318530
[^19]: Encounter mastheads: October 1953 (vol. 1, no. 1, "Edited by Stephen Spender and Irving Kristol"); January, May, June, July, September and November 1958 (same editors); December 1958 (vol. XI, no. 6, "edited by Stephen Spender and Melvin J. Lasky"); January 1959; June 1967 (vol. XXVIII, no. 6, "Edited by Frank Kermode and Melvin J. Lasky," corresponding editor U.S.A. Stephen Spender); September 1990 (vol. LXXV, no. 2, editors Melvin J. Lasky and Anthony Hartley). Scans at https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990
[^20]: Reason, "Cold Warrior," June 2, 2004. Lasky took over Encounter from Irving Kristol in 1958; the magazine ran until June 1991; quotations from the Washington Post obituary. https://reason.com/2004/06/02/cold-warrior/
[^21]: Bibliotheque nationale de France catalogue record cb34465822k, "Encounter (London. 1953)," vol. 1, no. 1 (Oct. 1953) to vol. 75, no. 2 (Sept. 1990); entries for Lasky, Melvin J. (1920-2004), directeur de publication from 1958, and Kristol, Irving (1920-2009), directeur de publication from 1953 to 1958. https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34465822k
[^22]: The New Criterion, "Melvin J. Lasky, 1920-2004," Notes & Comments, June 2004. https://newcriterion.com/article/melvin-j-lasky-1920-2004/
[^23]: Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, pp. 10, 12, 14, as excerpted in the CIA reading room copies cia-rdp88-01315r000100430001-9 and cia-rdp88-01315r000200450001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000100430001-9
[^24]: Harm Langenkamp, "A Most Interesting and Complex Involvement," note 62, citing letters to the New York Times editor by Stephen Spender, Melvin Lasky and Irving Kristol, May 10, 1966. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resources/38323/38323.pdf
[^25]: Melvin J. Lasky, letter to the editor, "Encounter and the CIA," The Wall Street Journal (responding to its issue of March 22), CIA reading room copy stamped 8 April 1974, CIA-RDP88-01315R000200270001-6. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp88-01315r000200270001-6
[^26]: Encounter, July 1967 (vol. XXIX, no. 1), notice by the trustees (Edward Shils, Andrew Shonfield, Sir William Haley, Arthur Schlesinger Jr.) and note on Nigel Dennis as co-editor. https://archive.org/details/encounter-1953-1990
[^27]: Melvin J. Lasky, "'Ulrike and Andreas,'" The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 1975. CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-01194a000100380001-4
[^28]: American History, Culture and Society, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, "Lasky Archive," description of the Lasky Center for Transatlantic Studies holdings: about 3,500 letters, calendars, New York and Berlin diaries; Lasky Library of about 10,000 volumes; named correspondents; complementary collections at Chicago and Boston University. https://www.en.amerikanistik.uni-muenchen.de/research/archive/lasky-archiv/index.html
[^29]: New York Times, "Melvin J. Lasky, Cultural Cold Warrior, Is Dead at 84," May 22, 2004, Section B, p. 16, as cited in Charlotte A. Lerg and Maren Roth, introduction to The Diary of Lt. Melvin J. Lasky, bibliography.

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---
aliases:
- Michael Josselson
- Mike Josselson
- Josselson
- Michael Josselson (1908-1978)
category: "Intelligence & Government"
tags:
- Person
- CentralIntelligenceAgency
- CongressForCulturalFreedom
- InternationalAssociationForCulturalFreedom
- OfficeOfPolicyCoordination
- QKOPERA
- CulturalColdWar
- ColdWar
- InformationControlDivision
- Encounter
- FarfieldFoundation
- Estonia
summary: "Michael Josselson was the Estonian-born CIA officer who ran the Congress for Cultural Freedom from Paris from 1950 until his resignation in 1967 and died in Geneva in 1978."
start: 1908
end: 1978
location: "Tartu; Berlin; Paris; New York; Geneva"
created: 2026-10-09
updated: 2026-10-09
relations:
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Gimbel Brothers]]"
start: 1928
end: 1941
role: "buyer in the Berlin office, then manager of the Paris office (from 1935) and managing director of the European offices (from 1937); buyer for the American market from 1941"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of Military Government for Germany]]"
start: 1946
end: 1949
role: "cultural affairs officer in Berlin; chief of intelligence of the Information Control Branch according to the CIA history"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Office of the United States High Commissioner for Germany]]"
start: 1949
end: 1950
role: "public affairs staff"
fn: 1
- type: employed_by
with: "[[Central Intelligence Agency]]"
start: 1949-04
role: "applied to join the Office of Policy Coordination in April 1949 while briefly in the United States; a 1948 entry into the Berlin covert action office is given in a secondary biography"
fn: 6
- type: head_of
with: "[[Congress for Cultural Freedom]]"
start: 1950-11
end: 1967-10
role: "administrative secretary from November 1950, later executive director; offered his resignation in May 1967, when the General Assembly declined it; left the post at the September 1967 reforms"
fn: 2
- type: spouse_of
with: "[[Diana Josselson]]"
role: "second wife; completed The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly after his death"
fn: 1
---
Michael Josselson (March 2, 1908, [[Tartu]], [[Estonia]], to January 7, 1978, Geneva) was an Estonian-born former department store buyer who served as a cultural officer in the American occupation of Berlin and then became the administrative secretary of the [[Congress for Cultural Freedom]] (CCF), an association of writers, scholars and artists that the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] financed through covert channels from 1950 until 1966. He ran the congress from Paris for sixteen years, left the post in 1967 after the funding was exposed, and spent his last years in Switzerland writing a biography of the Russian general [[Barclay de Tolly]].[^1]
### Tartu, Berlin and Gimbels, 1908 to 1937
Josselson was born in Tartu on March 2, 1908, the son of a Jewish timber merchant.[^1] The family moved to [[Berlin]] during the [[Russian Revolution]], and he attended secondary school there from 1920 to 1927.[^1] He spent one year each at the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Freiburg]] from 1927 to 1928 and then left school to work as a buyer in the Berlin office of the Gimbel-May department stores.[^1] The CIA history spells the firm "Gimbels-Saks" and says the company made him its chief European buyer.[^2][^3] He was fluent in German, Russian, French and English.[^1]
By 1935 he had been promoted to manager of the Paris office of [[Gimbel Brothers]]. The CIA history gives the transfer to [[Paris]] as part of his rise to chief European buyer and places his move to [[New York City]] "before the war."[^3] The finding aid for his papers gives 1937 as the year he immigrated to the United States with his French wife to become managing director of the Gimbels European offices in New York.[^1] The war closed the European markets, and in 1941 he returned to buying, this time for the American market, from [[Pittsburgh]].[^1] He was naturalized in 1942.[^1]
### Army service and the Berlin occupation, 1943 to 1950
Josselson was drafted in 1943.[^1] The finding aid says he was assigned to a communications unit in Europe as an interpreter and discharged as a first lieutenant in 1946, remaining in the reserves as a military intelligence officer until 1950.[^1] The CIA history says he "made sergeant" and served as an interrogator in the [[Psychological Warfare Division]] of the [[United States Army]].[^2][^3] The account of [[Frances Stonor Saunders]] places him in the division's intelligence section, on a seven-man team called Kampfgruppe Rosenberg after its leader, Captain [[Albert G. Rosenberg]], which interrogated German prisoners in order to separate Nazis from non-Nazis.[^4] A 2018 biography from the [[German Historical Institute]] also places him in the division's intelligence section from 1945 and names the same team.[^5]
The division became the [[Information Control Division]] of the military government, which the same biography places under [[Robert A. McClure]].[^5] The finding aid describes Josselson from 1946 to 1949 as a cultural affairs officer for the [[Office of Military Government for Germany]] in Berlin, responsible for the denazification of leading German intellectuals and for editing and distributing anti-Communist propaganda.[^1] The CIA history says that in that period he was chief of intelligence for the military government's Information Control Branch, and that in late September 1946 he was ordered to set up a new Berlin daily ahead of the October 20 elections. According to the history, he took less than two weeks to hire the staff and set the format and political line, and the paper reached a circulation of 100,000. An American official recommended Josselson for an award in January 1947.[^3]
In Berlin he worked with the composer [[Nicolas Nabokov]], who later joined the Information Control Division and was assigned to its music section.[^4][^5] Saunders quotes Nabokov writing that the two "did a good deal of successful Nazi-hunting and put on ice a few famous conductors, pianists, singers and a number of orchestral musicians."[^4] The CIA history names the conductor [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] and the theater director [[Jürgen Fehling]] among the Germans Josselson helped "rehabilitate," and a note in his papers, quoted by Saunders, says that he spared Furtwängler the denazification procedure.[^3][^4][^5]
### Recruitment by the CIA
The finding aid says that Josselson "purportedly became connected" with the CIA during his time with the [[State Department]]'s office in Germany in 1949 and 1950.[^1] The CIA history gives a more specific account. Josselson was a contact of the agency's [[Berlin Operations Base]] and applied to join the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] (OPC) in April 1949 while briefly in the United States.[^6] The history places him at the beginnings of the anti-Communist counteroffensive at the Waldorf-Astoria and in Paris in the spring of 1949, on leave from his duties as a cultural officer in Germany, and says he told Nabokov that Berlin needed something similar (it cites [[Peter Coleman]], The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 5-6).[^3] The 2018 biography gives a different date for his entry into the agency, placing it in 1948 in the covert action department of the Berlin office, and names [[Lawrence de Neufville]] as the recruiter.[^5]
The CIA history places the origin of the Berlin congress in Josselson's proposal. [[Ruth Fischer]] had put a Berlin conference idea to OPC officers in 1949, and it sat unused until January 1950, when Josselson "stepped forward" to promote it.[^3] The excerpt of the same study published in Studies in Intelligence places his promotion of the proposal "late in 1949."[^2] The history says Josselson talked with [[Melvin Lasky]] about the proposed conference and that his proposal reached OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950.[^6] On February 6, 1950, OPC officers met and gave Josselson the green light to proceed.[^6] On April 7, 1950, [[Frank Wisner]] approved a project outline with a budget of 50,000 dollars that essentially repeated Josselson's December proposal.[^2][^6] Wisner asked that Lasky and [[James Burnham]] be kept out of sight in Berlin.[^6] When the request reached him, Josselson defended Lasky, cabling that "no other person here, certainly no German, could have achieved such success."[^6]
Saunders quotes Josselson describing his new work in 1950 as "a continuation of psychological warfare, only this time directed against the Soviets."[^5] The German Historical Institute biography, citing Saunders, gives the page as 42.[^5]
### The Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1950 to 1966
The congress opened in West Berlin on June 26, 1950, in the [[Titania Palace]].[^2] Josselson kept out of sight during the conference and kept track of everything that transpired, according to the CIA history.[^6] In November 1950 the steering committee made the organization permanent. Josselson resigned his job with the occupation government to become its administrative secretary, a position the Studies in Intelligence excerpt says he held for sixteen years.[^2] The CIA history, in its chapter on the congress, says he kept many of the participants working together "for 17 years."[^7]
The CIA history says that OPC's Western Europe Division initially handled the congress and that in 1951 Josselson solved a management problem by creating a parallel station that worked with international organizations.[^8] It says that in August 1951 OPC's Special Projects Division was renamed the [[International Organizations Branch]], under [[Tom Braden]], and that the congress project, carried under the cryptonym QKOPERA, found a permanent home in the agency's International Organizations Division, where [[Cord Meyer]] served as its guardian until its liquidation in 1967.[^7][^8] Braden's division took over management of QKOPERA on July 1, 1952. Soon afterward, once CIA security had cleared the philosopher [[Sidney Hook]], Meyer and Josselson traveled to New York to brief him on the agency's interest and to discuss the [[American Committee for Cultural Freedom]], the congress's New York affiliate.[^9] The two agreed in June 1954 that the American Committee had become too controversial, and the history describes the committee's de-funding afterward.[^10] Arnold Beichman recalled of Josselson: "I had no objection to what Josselson was doing, but he wasn't going to do it in my name."[^10]
The finding aid says that Josselson arranged financing from various sources, including organizations that operated as fronts for CIA money, and that he worked behind the scenes through the 1950s and early 1960s as the congress organized conferences, produced publications and created regional offices.[^1] The CIA history cites a letter of October 22, 1953 from the poet [[Stephen Spender]] to Josselson, from the [[Boston University]] collection of the magazine [[Encounter]], for the awareness in England in late 1953 of American sponsorship of the congress and of Encounter.[^11] Of the funding vehicle that was publicly named as the congress's sponsor, the [[Farfield Foundation]], the history quotes the Encounter co-editor [[Irving Kristol]], writing in 1967, that [[Julius Fleischmann]] "was very much in evidence, yacht and all," and that Encounter's annual deficit was in the vicinity of 40,000 dollars. It adds that Hook, Beichman and William Phillips wrote to Fleischmann to ask about rumors of government money and that Fleischmann told them nothing.[^12][^13]
The history assigns Josselson's temperament a place in the congress's course. It says the congress balanced anti-Communism against its credibility with the non-Communist left "through the talent of one man," that Josselson "was the key to the Congress's operations and to CIA control of the organization," and that one case officer called him an "expert impresario with the literary and academic prima donnas so essential to the CCF."[^14] It records that he endorsed the effort led by the sociologist [[Edward Shils]] to find "a new idiom" for the congress in the early 1960s, privately denounced William F. Buckley's magazine National Review, later doubted the wisdom of American involvement in Vietnam, and commended Senator [[George McGovern]]'s criticism of the Johnson administration's policy there.[^14] When the congress cabled President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] in April 1953 asking clemency for [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Ethel Rosenberg]], the history says, Josselson regarded such statements as costing nothing and as enhancing the congress's reputation for integrity with its target audience. The American Committee castigated him for tolerating them, and in a reply to Hook he wrote: "The American Committee seems to recognize only one weapon in the fight against Communism: denunciation. Our methods are different."[^15]
The history states that from the early 1950s Headquarters "trusted Josselson and followed his lead" in balancing the project's anti-Communist mission against the need for credibility among foreign intellectuals, and that "Without him there would have been no Congress for Cultural Freedom."[^16] Its introduction names agency and overt-organization "brokers" and says "CCF had Michael Josselson."[^17] It also records that he "showed no compunction about putting unwitting American intellectuals on Congressional platforms."[^14] [[John C. Hunt]] worked beside him in the Paris secretariat, and a photograph caption in the history reads that the two "made an effective team."[^14] The [[University of Chicago]] holds Josselson correspondence files for 1952 through 1967 in boxes 201 to 205 of the records of the International Association for Cultural Freedom.[^18]
### Disclosure and resignation, 1966 to 1967
The [[New York Times]] published a series of five articles on the CIA from April 25 to 29, 1966. The third, datelined April 26, said that the agency had supported "anti-Communist but liberal organizations of intellectuals such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom," and it described Encounter as one of the indirect beneficiaries of CIA funds.[^19]
According to the CIA history, Josselson asked [[McGeorge Bundy]] and [[Shepard Stone]] at the [[Ford Foundation]] in early 1966 to consider taking over the entire congress program. The agency cut its ties to the congress that September, and Josselson and Hunt stayed on in their posts.[^20] The New York Times reported in September 1967 that the congress had been totally financed by a Ford Foundation grant since October 1966, with, according to Josselson, a guarantee of appropriations until 1972.[^21]
The February 1967 exposure of the [[National Student Association]] came through [[Ramparts]]. The magazine ran an advertisement announcing the article in the New York Times of February 14, 1967, and released the account on February 15, ahead of its March 1967 issue.[^22][^23] The article by [[Sol Stern]] (pages 29 to 39) mentioned the congress only in passing, naming the "Fairfield Foundation" as a frequent contributor to it and recording that the Fairfield Foundation had received 15,000 dollars from the Rabb Foundation, and did not name Josselson.[^20][^24]
Josselson told the congress's General Assembly on May 13, 1967 that the CIA had supported the congress from 1950 to the summer of 1966.[^25] The New York Times reported that the assembly expressed regret that intelligence funds had financed the congress and that Josselson had accepted them without his colleagues' knowledge. The assembly refused to accept his resignation and asked him to stay, and he agreed.[^25] In an interview published that week he said that he had regretted accepting the money "because the ends do not justify the means."[^25] The CIA history says that Josselson and Hunt offered their resignations to the General Assembly, admitting their CIA connections, and that the assembly "merely 'noted'" them.[^26]
A clipping in the CIA reading room, whose newspaper is not identified, reports that Josselson revealed on a Sunday that about 40 per cent of the money the congress spent each year went to four cultural journals, among them [[Preuves]] in France, [[Der Monat]] in Germany and Encounter in Britain.[^27]
A New York Times dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967 reported that the congress had selected Stone, then director of international affairs for the Ford Foundation, as its executive director, to replace Josselson, who had "assumed sole responsibility" for the use of CIA funds from 1950 to the summer of 1966, and that Josselson, a friend of Stone, would remain with the organization as a consultant. The same dispatch quotes Josselson that under the practice then existing he would inform the CIA of the congress's budgetary needs and the agency would then provide him with the name of a foundation likely to favor a request for a grant, and reports that he had offered his resignation earlier in the year and that it had not been accepted at the time.[^21] The CIA history says that in September 1967 the General Assembly approved reforms, named Stone president and chief executive, and renamed the organization the [[International Association for Cultural Freedom]] (IACF), and that Josselson and Hunt "resigned for good" at that point.[^26] A dispatch of October 2, published October 3, reported that Stone had been named president and that [[Pierre Emmanuel]], a French poet who had been literary director and deputy secretary general, would replace Josselson, the former executive director of the 17-year-old group and one of its founders, who had resigned.[^28]
### The International Association for Cultural Freedom
The finding aid says Josselson continued to advise informally the former associates who created the IACF.[^1] [[Richard Krygier]], secretary of the Australian affiliate, said in 1969 that the affiliate had enjoyed more freedom under Stone than before, when "Mike [Josselson] & Company" had been concerned with the political outlook of affiliates.[^29]
The University of Chicago finding aid for the association's records lists a correspondence file for Josselson for 1968 to 1975, a file for his "Geneva office" for 1959 to 1961, and an administration file for Josselson for 1963.[^18]
### Death in Geneva, 1961 to 1978
Josselson moved to Switzerland in 1961 to seek treatment for circulatory problems and had already undergone several surgeries.[^1] According to the CIA history, he watched the association from Geneva. A few former colleagues called on him, and agency officers visited from time to time to ask about people and programs he had worked with over his career.[^30] He spent much of his last years on a biography of Barclay de Tolly, the general who commanded the Russian armies retreating before Napoleon in 1812. The CIA history, citing Peter Coleman, says that Josselson saw parallels between his own campaign and Barclay's, although a quick vindication was not one of them.[^30]
Josselson died in Geneva on January 7, 1978, following heart surgery.[^1] His manuscript was finished except for the bibliography and index. [[Diana Josselson]] completed the book, which was published by [[Oxford University Press]] in 1980 as The Commander: A Life of Barclay de Tolly.[^1] The CIA history says that only a handful of mourners attended his funeral, among them a CIA official who brought his Distinguished Service Medal, and that his widow refused it. The history suggests she was reacting to the strain of the double life he had led at the congress, citing Coleman's account; its endnote states that the account of the refusal is touching but that it found no corroboration for it in CIA files.[^30] The history is dedicated "To the Memory of Michael Josselson."[^31]
### Footnotes
[^1]: Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin, "Michael Josselson: An Inventory of His Papers," Biographical Sketch and Scope and Contents, Michael Josselson Papers, 1914-1991 (bulk 1960-1978). Series I (The Commander), Series II (Congress for Cultural Freedom), Series III (Personal). https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00064
[^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, Center for the Study of Intelligence, "Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-1950," Studies in Intelligence, vol. 38, no. 5 (excerpt of a larger classified CIA study; redacted version). https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/studies-in-intelligence/archives/vol-38-no-5/origins-of-the-congress-for-cultural-freedom-1949-1950
[^3]: CIA classified history of its involvement with anti-Communist groups, National Archives ISCAP release 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 2 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on Josselson's biography (Gimbels, Army service, the Information Control Branch, the 1946 Berlin newspaper, the rehabilitation of Furtwängler and Fehling), the recommendation for an award dated January 8, 1947 (note 59), the Fischer proposal that OPC officers received without enthusiasm and that sat until January 1950, the spring 1949 Waldorf-Astoria and Paris conferences and the conversation with Nabokov (note 56, citing Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 5-6). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-2.pdf
[^4]: Frances Stonor Saunders, The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters (New York: The New Press, 2000), as reproduced in the Michael Josselson short biography at the Estonian Jewish Museum. Its quotations of Stuart Hampshire and Nabokov, the Kampfgruppe Rosenberg account, and the Furtwängler note are cited there to Saunders 1999 and to Nabokov's own writing. Page numbers are as cited in note 5. https://muuseum.jewish.ee/stories/Josselson.pdf
[^5]: Transatlantic Perspectives (German Historical Institute), "Josselson, Michael," entry (2018), citing Saunders 1999, pp. 10-11, 14 and 42, and Nabokov 1951, p. 263. https://www.transatlanticperspectives.org/entries/michael-josselson/
[^6]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 3 of 12 (secret, partly redacted), on Josselson as a contact of the Berlin Operations Base and his application to OPC in April 1949, the proposal that reached OPC headquarters on or about January 25, 1950, the OPC meeting of February 6, 1950, Wisner's approval of April 7, 1950, Josselson's cable on Lasky, and his keeping out of sight during the conference. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-3.pdf
[^7]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12 (on the August 1951 renaming of OPC's Special Projects Division as the International Organizations Branch under Tom Braden) and Part 10 of 12 (chapter five, "The Matchmaker": the sixteen-to-seventeen-year tenure, the QKOPERA project's permanent home in the International Organizations Division where Cord Meyer served as its institutional guardian until its liquidation in 1967, and the observation that Josselson insisted the congress continue indirect political involvement). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf and https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf
[^8]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 4 of 12, p. 53, on the 1951 management problems of the Congress for Cultural Freedom and the parallel station Josselson created to work with international organizations, and Part 10 of 12 (the Western Europe Division's initial handling of the congress). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-4.pdf
[^9]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on Braden's division taking over management of QKOPERA on July 1, 1952, the clearance of Sidney Hook, and the New York briefing by Cord Meyer and Josselson. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^10]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the agreement of Meyer and Josselson in June 1954 that the American Committee had become too controversial, the committee's de-funding, Beichman's remark, and Diana Trilling's 1955 letter to Hook. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^11]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12, note 9, citing Stephen Spender to Michael Josselson, October 22, 1953, Mugar Memorial Library, Boston University, Encounter Collection, Correspondence box, folder 71. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf
[^12]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 10 of 12, quoting Irving Kristol's 1967 recollection of the Farfield Foundation and Julius Fleischmann. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-10.pdf
[^13]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the letter of Sidney Hook, Arnold Beichman and William Phillips to Julius Fleischmann. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^14]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12 (chapter five), on Josselson as "the key to the Congress's operations and to CIA control of the organization," the "expert impresario" remark of a case officer, the Shils "new idiom," his views of National Review, Vietnam and Senator McGovern, his placement of unwitting American intellectuals on congress platforms, and the photograph of Josselson and Hunt. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^15]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the April 1953 cable to President Eisenhower, the American Committee's objections, and Josselson's reply to Hook. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^16]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 12 of 12, concluding assessment of Josselson's role. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-12.pdf
[^17]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 1 of 12, introduction on "brokers" between the agency and overt organizations. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-1.pdf
[^18]: University of Chicago Library, Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center, "Guide to the International Association for Cultural Freedom Records 1941-1978," inventory entries including "Josselson, Michael Correspondence, 1968-1975" (Box 356, Folder 9), "Josselson, Michael (Geneva office), 1959-1961" (Box 511, Folder 1), "Administration, Michael Josselson, 1963" (Box 554, Folder 14), and the series of correspondence files in Boxes 201 to 205. https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.IACF
[^19]: Tom Wicker, John W. Finney, Max Frankel, E. W. Kenworthy and other staff members, "C.I.A.: Maker of Policy, or Tool?" New York Times series, April 25 to 29, 1966, third article (datelined April 26), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP75-00001R000200520008-1
[^20]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the 1966 talks between the agency and the Ford Foundation, Josselson's request of early 1966, the cutoff of agency ties in September 1966, and the February 1967 Ramparts article (citing Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 222-223 for the April 1966 newspaper coverage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^21]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Once Aided by C.I.A. Picks Ford Fund Aide to Be Its Director," New York Times, dispatch from Paris dated September 25, 1967 (the reading room index dates the clipping September 25, 1967), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP69B00369R000200240032-3
[^22]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 8 of 12, on the Ramparts advertisement in the New York Times of February 14, 1967 and the magazine's early release of its account. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-8.pdf
[^23]: "Ramparts Says C.I.A. Received Student Report," New York Times, February 16, 1967 (the magazine "said yesterday"), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000800100021-3
[^24]: Sol Stern, "A Short Account of International Student Politics and the Cold War with Particular Reference to the NSA, CIA, Etc.," Ramparts, March 1967, pp. 29 to 39. https://archive.org/details/nsa-and-the-cia
[^25]: Gloria Emerson, "Resignation Rejected After Disclosure of C.I.A. Aid," New York Times, May 15, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated May 14), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240016-8
[^26]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the May 1967 offer of resignations by Josselson and Hunt, the assembly's response, and the September 1967 reforms (the study cites Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy (1989), pp. 228-231 for this passage). https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^27]: Undated newspaper clipping, "Cultural Group Reveals Secret Support by the CIA," CIA reading room copy. The newspaper is not identified in the copy, and the text says Josselson made the statement on a Sunday. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000400240015-9
[^28]: Gloria Emerson, "Cultural Group Announces Choice of New Head," New York Times, October 3, 1967 (dispatch from Paris dated October 2), CIA reading room copy. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp75-00149r000700390029-5
[^29]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 11 of 12, on the 1969 remarks of Richard Krygier, secretary of the Australian affiliate. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-11.pdf
[^30]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 12 of 12, on Josselson's years in Geneva, his work on Barclay de Tolly (citing Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy, pp. 42-43 and 240-242), and the funeral and medal. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-12.pdf
[^31]: CIA classified history, ISCAP 2014-090, Doc. 1, Part 1 of 12, dedication page. https://www.archives.gov/files/declassification/iscap/pdf/2014-090-doc-1-part-1.pdf

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@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ Barker acquired an original copy in 1971 from a friend of Jessup to whom Jessup
[^1]: Morris K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO (New York: Citadel Press, 1955), catalog record, Internet Archive item caseforufo0000mkje (metadata: publisher Citadel, date 1955), https://archive.org/details/caseforufo0000mkje. [^1]: Morris K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO (New York: Citadel Press, 1955), catalog record, Internet Archive item caseforufo0000mkje (metadata: publisher Citadel, date 1955), https://archive.org/details/caseforufo0000mkje.
[^2]: Gray Barker, preface dated July 1973, in the same volume, pp. 2 to 6. Barker identified a "confidential source" for the ONR routing and did not name it. [^2]: Gray Barker, preface dated July 1973, in the same volume, pp. 2 to 6. Barker identified a "confidential source" for the ONR routing and did not name it.
[^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship. Sole source for the passages so cited as to the routing of the book through ONR and the identity of the officers named. [^3]: Unsigned "Introduction" to the Annotated Edition, in the same volume, pp. 7 to 9; Barker's preface states that the original gives no information on its authorship.
[^4]: "Appendix: The first letter received by Mr. Jessup from Carlos Allende," and "Days Later," in M. K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO, Varo Edition, transcribed by the Quantum Future Group, Castelnau-Barbarens, 2003, from the Saucerian Press facsimile of 1973, pp. 15 to 18, https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup (djvu text, reread 2026-10-03). [^4]: "Appendix: The first letter received by Mr. Jessup from Carlos Allende," and "Days Later," in M. K. Jessup, The Case for the UFO, Varo Edition, transcribed by the Quantum Future Group, Castelnau-Barbarens, 2003, from the Saucerian Press facsimile of 1973, pp. 15 to 18, https://archive.org/details/THECASEFORTHEUFOVaroEditionM.K.Jessup (djvu text, reread 2026-10-03).
[^5]: Naval Research Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1956), cover caption and "New Chief of Naval Research" and "Admiral Furth Goes Ashore," pp. 22 to 23, Office of Naval Research, https://www.onr.navy.mil/media/document/naval-research-reviews-vol-9-no-1-january-1956 (reopened 2026-10-03). [^5]: Naval Research Reviews, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1956), cover caption and "New Chief of Naval Research" and "Admiral Furth Goes Ashore," pp. 22 to 23, Office of Naval Research, https://www.onr.navy.mil/media/document/naval-research-reviews-vol-9-no-1-january-1956 (reopened 2026-10-03).
[^6]: "Author A Suicide, Police Say," Miami Herald (Miami), April 22, 1959, p. 9, https://www.newspapers.com/image/619508003/ [^6]: "Author A Suicide, Police Say," Miami Herald (Miami), April 22, 1959, p. 9, https://www.newspapers.com/image/619508003/

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Myron S. Malkin.md
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@ -133,4 +133,4 @@ Malkin died on the Monday before October 26, 1994, of heart failure, according t
[^11]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 1, no. 1 (April 1972), advertisement of the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation, 7777 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_01/V-1_1.pdf); vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), item on the change of name to NUSAC, Inc. (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf). [^11]: Nuclear Materials Management (Journal of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management), vol. 1, no. 1 (April 1972), advertisement of the Nuclear Surveillance and Auditing Corporation, 7777 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_01/V-1_1.pdf); vol. 4, no. 1 (Spring 1975), item on the change of name to NUSAC, Inc. (https://resources.inmm.org/system/files/jnmm/vol_04/V-4_1.pdf).
[^12]: Obituary of Ralph Francis Lumb (1921 to 2023), A. J. Cunningham Funeral Homes. https://ajcunninghamfh.com/tribute/details/2916 [^12]: Obituary of Ralph Francis Lumb (1921 to 2023), A. J. Cunningham Funeral Homes. https://ajcunninghamfh.com/tribute/details/2916
[^13]: Arthur Welmas, letter headed "CABAZON INDIAN SECURITY /WSI JOINT VENTURE," at 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California, to La France Specialties, San Diego, dated "May 1" (year not printed), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^13]: Arthur Welmas, letter headed "CABAZON INDIAN SECURITY /WSI JOINT VENTURE," at 83-180 Requa Avenue, Indio, California, to La France Specialties, San Diego, dated "May 1" (year not printed), Danny Casolaro papers, folder "Wackenhut-Correspondence." https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks
[^14]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). The passage is undated in the text layer. Sole source for the passages so cited. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks [^14]: Ted Gunderson and Michael Riconosciuto interview notes, file "Folder 7 Acc5516" (archive.org casolaro-notebooks item, file "Folder 7 Acc5516.pdf", text layer). The passage is undated in the text layer. https://archive.org/details/casolaro-notebooks

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Nikita Khrushchev.md
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@ -135,9 +135,9 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Historical Staff Chronology 1946-65, Volume II, 1956-65," CIA-RDP85B00803R000200050003-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85b00803r000200050003-5. Entries cited: February 14, 1956 (Congress convenes, Khrushchev denounces Stalin); March 27, 1958 (Khrushchev succeeds Bulganin as Soviet premier); October 1956 (Poland, Budapest, Nagy replaced November 4); August 12-18, 1961 (Berlin wall); September 15-27, 1959 (visit to the United States); May 1960 (U-2 shot down, Paris conference); May 7 and May 16, 1963 (Penkovsky and Wynne trial, Penkovsky executed); October 15-16, 1964 (removal, Pravda denunciation). [^2]: Central Intelligence Agency, "CIA Historical Staff Chronology 1946-65, Volume II, 1956-65," CIA-RDP85B00803R000200050003-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp85b00803r000200050003-5. Entries cited: February 14, 1956 (Congress convenes, Khrushchev denounces Stalin); March 27, 1958 (Khrushchev succeeds Bulganin as Soviet premier); October 1956 (Poland, Budapest, Nagy replaced November 4); August 12-18, 1961 (Berlin wall); September 15-27, 1959 (visit to the United States); May 1960 (U-2 shot down, Paris conference); May 7 and May 16, 1963 (Penkovsky and Wynne trial, Penkovsky executed); October 15-16, 1964 (removal, Pravda denunciation).
[^3]: Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, "The Leak of the Century," The Washington Post, March 27, 1994 (adapted from their *Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance*, Hyperion, 1994), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/03/27/the-leak-of-the-century/2c3a48ca-5212-442b-a3a8-52e7703d4b26/. Sole source for the Grayevski, photographer, Manor, Ben-Gurion, courier, Dulles and publication details and for the $1 million appropriation, as reported by the cited authors, who credit Grayevski's and Manor's own confirmation. [^3]: Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, "The Leak of the Century," The Washington Post, March 27, 1994 (adapted from their *Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance*, Hyperion, 1994), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/03/27/the-leak-of-the-century/2c3a48ca-5212-442b-a3a8-52e7703d4b26/. The cited authors credit Grayevski's and Manor's own confirmation.
[^4]: Middle East Quarterly, article on Israeli intelligence and the great powers in the Cold War, https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/israel-and-the-great-powers-cold-war-role, citing Yossi Melman, "Trade Secrets," Haaretz, March 9, 2006. Sole source for the Barmor, Harel, Dorot, Angleton, mid-April and early June details, as summarized by the Middle East Quarterly. [^4]: Middle East Quarterly, article on Israeli intelligence and the great powers in the Cold War, https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/israel-and-the-great-powers-cold-war-role, citing Yossi Melman, "Trade Secrets," Haaretz, March 9, 2006.
[^5]: Matitiahu Mayzel, "Israeli Intelligence and the Leakage of Khrushchev's 'Secret Speech,'" Journal of Israeli History, vol. 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 257-283, https://doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2013.822730 (abstract at https://cris.tau.ac.il/en/publications/israeli-intelligence-and-the-leakage-of-khrushchevs-secret-speech/). [^5]: Matitiahu Mayzel, "Israeli Intelligence and the Leakage of Khrushchev's 'Secret Speech,'" Journal of Israeli History, vol. 32, no. 2 (2013), pp. 257-283, https://doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2013.822730 (abstract at https://cris.tau.ac.il/en/publications/israeli-intelligence-and-the-leakage-of-khrushchevs-secret-speech/).
@ -155,9 +155,9 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^12]: Memorandum of Conversation, Vienna, June 4, 1961, 3:15 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis 1961-1962, Document 33, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d33; Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, November 21, 1961, Kennedy and Adenauer, Document 219, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d219 (the 3 million figure is Adenauer's statement). [^12]: Memorandum of Conversation, Vienna, June 4, 1961, 3:15 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XIV, Berlin Crisis 1961-1962, Document 33, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d33; Memorandum of Conversation, Washington, November 21, 1961, Kennedy and Adenauer, Document 219, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v14/d219 (the 3 million figure is Adenauer's statement).
[^13]: Pat Lewis Copeland, "The CIA man," Tulsa Tribune, February 12, 1986, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100020015-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100020015-5. Sole source for the briefings of Eisenhower and Kennedy, which the profile states in its own voice. [^13]: Pat Lewis Copeland, "The CIA man," Tulsa Tribune, February 12, 1986, CIA-RDP91-00587R000100020015-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp91-00587r000100020015-5. The profile states the briefings of Eisenhower and Kennedy in its own voice.
[^14]: John Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (New York: Times Books, 1979), page 161 (the Society and foreign leaders including Khrushchev) and page 164 (Gittinger summoned to the White House during the Cuban missile crisis). Sole source for the White House summons. [^14]: John Marks, *The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate": The CIA and Mind Control* (New York: Times Books, 1979), page 161 (the Society and foreign leaders including Khrushchev) and page 164 (Gittinger summoned to the White House during the Cuban missile crisis).
[^15]: Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, September 29, 1961, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, Document 21, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21. The editorial note cites Salinger, *With Kennedy*, page 198, and states that a Russian text dated September 28 was also given to Salinger on September 30. [^15]: Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, September 29, 1961, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, Document 21, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21. The editorial note cites Salinger, *With Kennedy*, page 198, and states that a Russian text dated September 28 was also given to Salinger on September 30.
@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^18]: "Summary Record of the Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, October 27, 1962," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Document 90, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d90. [^18]: "Summary Record of the Seventh Meeting of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council, October 27, 1962," Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Document 90, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d90.
[^19]: Memorandum from ABC Correspondent John Scali to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hilsman), undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 80, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d80. Sole source for Fomin's settlement proposal and his claim about the Cuban delegate, as reported by Scali. [^19]: Memorandum from ABC Correspondent John Scali to the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hilsman), undated, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 80, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d80.
[^20]: Editorial Note, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 85, citing a four-page paper in the Sorensen papers, Classified Subject Files, Cuba, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d85. Records Scali's statement to Fomin at 7:45 p.m. on October 26, 1962. [^20]: Editorial Note, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963, Volume XI, Document 85, citing a four-page paper in the Sorensen papers, Classified Subject Files, Cuba, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d85. Records Scali's statement to Fomin at 7:45 p.m. on October 26, 1962.
@ -177,20 +177,20 @@ An unsigned intelligence commentary in the CIA reading room, written while the L
[^23]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Meeting No. 15, London, England, 4 May 1961, with Penkovsky," CIA Reading Room, document 0000012403, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000012403. [^23]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Meeting No. 15, London, England, 4 May 1961, with Penkovsky," CIA Reading Room, document 0000012403, https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000012403.
[^24]: Milt Freudenheim, "Ouster of K Linked to Discovery of Spy," Chicago Daily News Service, New York dateline, November 13, 1965, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600250041-7, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000600250041-7. The connection drawn is Greville Wynne's. Sole source for the link between the ouster and the Penkovsky case. [^24]: Milt Freudenheim, "Ouster of K Linked to Discovery of Spy," Chicago Daily News Service, New York dateline, November 13, 1965, CIA-RDP75-00149R000600250041-7, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp75-00149r000600250041-7. The connection drawn is Greville Wynne's.
[^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Current Intelligence Weekly Summary," January 21, 1960, CIA-RDP79-00927A002600020001-2, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp79-00927a002600020001-2. The item "Khrushchev's Latest Statement on Soviet Missile Capabilities" describes the speech at the opening of the USSR Supreme Soviet on January 14. [^25]: Central Intelligence Agency, "Current Intelligence Weekly Summary," January 21, 1960, CIA-RDP79-00927A002600020001-2, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp79-00927a002600020001-2. The item "Khrushchev's Latest Statement on Soviet Missile Capabilities" describes the speech at the opening of the USSR Supreme Soviet on January 14.
[^26]: Thomas E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4. Sole source for the scalar weapons passage. The notes cite Max Frankel, "Khrushchev Says Soviet Will Cut Forces a Third; Sees 'Fantastic' Weapon," The New York Times, January 15, 1966. [^26]: Thomas E. Bearden, "STAR WARS Now! The Bohm-Aharonov Effect, Scalar Interferometry, and Soviet Weaponization," April 24, 1984, CIA-RDP96-00788R001900680014-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp96-00788r001900680014-4. The notes cite Max Frankel, "Khrushchev Says Soviet Will Cut Forces a Third; Sees 'Fantastic' Weapon," The New York Times, January 15, 1966.
[^27]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), page 53. Sole source for Lazurkina's statement as the authors relate it. [^27]: Sheila Ostrander and Lynn Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain* (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1970), page 53.
[^28]: Ostrander and Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*, page 91. The authors introduce the remark with "Supposedly." Sole source for the attribution to Khrushchev, as told to the authors by the two Czech scientists. [^28]: Ostrander and Schroeder, *Psychic Discoveries Behind the Iron Curtain*, page 91. The authors introduce the remark with "Supposedly."
[^29]: Jerrold L. Schecter, "Khrushchev's Secret Tapes," Time, October 1, 1990, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,971265-1,00.html. The excerpt is translated by Schecter and describes the reminiscences as dictated at Dalneye. [^29]: Jerrold L. Schecter, "Khrushchev's Secret Tapes," Time, October 1, 1990, https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,971265-1,00.html. The excerpt is translated by Schecter and describes the reminiscences as dictated at Dalneye.
[^30]: Unsigned intelligence commentary, "Did KGB Help to Sell K's Memoirs," undated, written while the Life installments were appearing, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180019-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180019-4. Sole source for the characterization of the material's route to Life and for Khrushchev's denial. [^30]: Unsigned intelligence commentary, "Did KGB Help to Sell K's Memoirs," undated, written while the Life installments were appearing, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180019-4, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180019-4.
[^31]: Terence Smith, "U.S. Experts on Soviet Find Khrushchev Memoirs," Washington dispatch dated January 20, 1971, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180017-6, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180017-6. The clipping gives the Little, Brown publication date as December 21, 1970. [^31]: Terence Smith, "U.S. Experts on Soviet Find Khrushchev Memoirs," Washington dispatch dated January 20, 1971, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180017-6, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180017-6. The clipping gives the Little, Brown publication date as December 21, 1970.
[^32]: Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180018-5. The column is dated by its references to the removal of Gomulka "last week," Adzhubei's interview "in late November," and a party congress "next March." Sole source for Louis's KGB affiliation, the Time-Life price and the Swiss bank provision as stated by Alsop, and for Alsop's inference about Shelepin. The column names Rada and her husband Aleksei Adzhubei as having recorded the reminiscences. [^32]: Stewart Alsop, "Who Is Moscow's Mr. X?," column, CIA-RDP88-01314R000300180018-5, CIA Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/document/cia-rdp88-01314r000300180018-5. The column is dated by its references to the removal of Gomulka "last week," Adzhubei's interview "in late November," and a party congress "next March." The column names Rada and her husband Aleksei Adzhubei as having recorded the reminiscences.

2
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Ninel Kulagina.md
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@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Jacobsen writes that her case, with that of [[Qian Xuesen]] in [[China]], contri
[^14]: DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4 (note 10), section III.B, Institute for Radioengineering and Electronics. [^14]: DST-1810D-948-82-RPT-4 (note 10), section III.B, Institute for Radioengineering and Electronics.
[^15]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022 [^15]: B. Konovalov, "Extrasense Through the Eyes of Physics," *Izvestiya*, July 3, 1986, p. 6, as translated in JPRS-UBB-86-022, *USSR Report: Life Sciences, Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences*, December 5, 1986, pp. 105-108. https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ubb-86-022
[^16]: Russell Targ and Keith Harary, *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities* (Villard Books, 1984), "From Moscow to Yerevan," as excerpted in CIA-RDP96-00792R000500400002-7 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1 [^16]: Russell Targ and Keith Harary, *The Mind Race: Understanding and Using Psychic Abilities* (Villard Books, 1984), "From Moscow to Yerevan," as excerpted in CIA-RDP96-00792R000500400002-7 and CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1. https://archive.org/details/CIA-RDP96-00792R000600150005-1
[^17]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html Sole source for the passages so cited, written by a member of the laboratory. [^17]: Alexander Taratorin, "Nevydumannaya istoriya ekstrasensov v Rossii" (1997), lib.ru. http://lib.ru/ZHURNAL/istoria.txt_with-big-pictures.html The article was written by a member of the laboratory.
[^18]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016, quoting Gulyaev, Godik's book *Zagadka ekstrasensov*, and Evgeny Aleksandrov. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html [^18]: Lev Kolodny, "Mify i pravda o Dzhune," *Moskovsky Komsomolets*, October 14, 2016, quoting Gulyaev, Godik's book *Zagadka ekstrasensov*, and Evgeny Aleksandrov. https://www.mk.ru/social/2016/10/14/mify-i-pravda-o-dzhune-esli-ne-izvinitsya-to-zadumatsya.html
[^19]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov [^19]: "A chto nauka? Smogli li uchenye razgadat zagadku ekstrasensov," *Argumenty i Fakty*, no. 42, October 14, 2014 (interview with Eduard Godik). https://aif.by/social/a_chto_nauka_smogli_li_uchenye_razgadat_zagadku_ekstrasensov
[^20]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/ [^20]: Lev Kolodny, preface to *Dzhuna. Tayna velikoy tselitelnitsy* (first published as *Fenomen "D" i drugie*, Politizdat, 1991). https://mybook.ru/author/lev-kolodnyj/dzhuna-tajna-velikoj-celitelnicy/read/

22
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Norwin Meneses.md
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@ -143,27 +143,27 @@ Webb listed the nephews Guillermo, Jaime and Jairo Meneses as Bay Area trafficke
[^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm [^1]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III (Norwin Meneses), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p1.htm
[^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections J-N (the 1991 arrest in Nicaragua, status of the indictment, entries into the United States, conclusions), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p4.htm [^2]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections J-N (the 1991 arrest in Nicaragua, status of the indictment, entries into the United States, conclusions), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p4.htm
[^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^3]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Cast of Characters.
[^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^4]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 3: "The brotherhood of military minds."
[^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm [^5]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IV, section B (OIG investigation regarding support of the Contras by Blandon and Meneses), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch04p2.htm
[^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm [^6]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections F-G ("David Morrison," alleged DEA corruption, DEA use of Meneses as an informant), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p2.htm
[^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^7]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 5: "God, Fatherland and Freedom."
[^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html [^8]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation: Allegations of Connections Between CIA and the Contras in Cocaine Trafficking to the United States (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Ross, Blandon, Meneses), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings1.html
[^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^9]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 6: "They were doing their patriotic duty."
[^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15: "This thing is a tidal wave." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^10]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 15: "This thing is a tidal wave."
[^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm [^11]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX (Carlos Cabezas), sections A-E, https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p1.htm
[^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm [^12]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter IX, sections F-G (assessment of Cabezas' allegations), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch09p2.htm
[^13]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras [^13]: U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Operations, *Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy* (December 1988), pp. 59-60 (the San Francisco Frogman case, UDN-FARN and PCNE), https://archive.org/details/Kerry-Report-Drugs-Contras
[^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Southern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html [^14]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume II: The Contra Story, October 8, 1998, section on Southern Front Contras, https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine2/south.html
[^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^15]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 11: "They were looking in the other direction."
[^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^16]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 20: "It is a sensitive matter."
[^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm [^17]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section G (the 1987 Los Angeles OCDETF investigation), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p4.htm
[^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html [^18]: Central Intelligence Agency, Office of Inspector General, *Report of Investigation (96-0143-IG)*, Volume I: The California Story, January 29, 1998, Findings (Northern California story, the Frogman Case), https://irp.fas.org/cia/product/cocaine/findings2.html
[^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm [^19]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter III, sections H-I (the 1989 indictment and post-indictment activities), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch03p3.htm
[^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^20]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 23: "He had the backing of a superpower."
[^21]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^21]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Prologue: "It was like they didn't want to know."
[^22]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends." Sole source for the passages so cited. [^22]: Webb, Gary. *Dark Alliance.* Seven Stories Press, 1998. Chapter 13: "The wrong kind of friends."
[^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm [^23]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter VII (Enrique Miranda-Jaime), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch07.htm
[^24]: San Jose Mercury News, August 18, 1996 (Gary Webb, "Testimony Links U.S. to Drugs-Guns Trade Dealers Got Their 'Own Little Arsenal,'" Dark Alliance series), https://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/clippings/da1.html [^24]: San Jose Mercury News, August 18, 1996 (Gary Webb, "Testimony Links U.S. to Drugs-Guns Trade Dealers Got Their 'Own Little Arsenal,'" Dark Alliance series), https://people.duke.edu/~ldbaker/clippings/da1.html
[^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^25]: Gary Webb, *Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion* (Seven Stories Press, 1998), Chapter 13, "The wrong kind of friends," and Cast of Characters.
[^26]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm [^26]: U.S. Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General, *The CIA-Contra-Crack Cocaine Controversy* (December 1997), Chapter II, section K (the 1992 San Diego prosecution of Blandon), https://oig.justice.gov/sites/default/files/archive/special/9712/ch02p6.htm

6
10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R. S. Hawke.md
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@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ Accounts of a Livermore group that experienced apparitions after its Geller sess
[^1]: R. S. Hawke, "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments Performed with a Person Reputed to Have Paranormal Metal Bending Abilities," January 11, 1979, cover letter signed "R. S. Hawke, Engineering Research Division, Electronics Engineering Department," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9 (archive.org mirror of the CIA STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9_djvu.txt) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000500110001-6. [^1]: R. S. Hawke, "Outline of Acoustic Emission Experiments Performed with a Person Reputed to Have Paranormal Metal Bending Abilities," January 11, 1979, cover letter signed "R. S. Hawke, Engineering Research Division, Electronics Engineering Department," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9 (archive.org mirror of the CIA STARGATE collection, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100001-9_djvu.txt) and CIA-RDP96-00787R000500110001-6.
[^2]: R. S. Hawke and J. K. Scudder, "Magnetic Propulsion Railguns: Their Design and Capabilities," UCRL-82677, May 8, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6255454; Hawke and Scudder, "Prospects for Generating 1-10 TPa Pressures with a Railgun," UCRL-82296, July 13, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5974977; Hawke, Brooks, Fowler and Peterson, "Results of Railgun Experiments," UCRL-88703, 1983, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6263329; Hawke, "Transition Armature Technology Project, Progress Report No. 1, June 1-July 31, 1991," UCRL-ID-114847, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10107228; U.S. Patent 4,343,223, "Multiple stage railgun," inventors Ronald S. Hawke, Jonathan K. Scudder and Kristian Aaland, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4343223A/en. [^2]: R. S. Hawke and J. K. Scudder, "Magnetic Propulsion Railguns: Their Design and Capabilities," UCRL-82677, May 8, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6255454; Hawke and Scudder, "Prospects for Generating 1-10 TPa Pressures with a Railgun," UCRL-82296, July 13, 1979, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5974977; Hawke, Brooks, Fowler and Peterson, "Results of Railgun Experiments," UCRL-88703, 1983, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6263329; Hawke, "Transition Armature Technology Project, Progress Report No. 1, June 1-July 31, 1991," UCRL-ID-114847, https://www.osti.gov/biblio/10107228; U.S. Patent 4,343,223, "Multiple stage railgun," inventors Ronald S. Hawke, Jonathan K. Scudder and Kristian Aaland, https://patents.google.com/patent/US4343223A/en.
[^3]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers: Scientific Observations on the Paranormal Powers of Uri Geller* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, as reproduced at https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/. [^3]: Charles Panati, ed., *The Geller Papers: Scientific Observations on the Paranormal Powers of Uri Geller* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), introduction, as reproduced at https://urigeller.com/scientific-paranormal/the-geller-papers/introduction/.
[^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf. Geller is the sole source for his account of two successes in four attempts. [^4]: Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair, *The Geller Effect* (London: Jonathan Cape, 1986), chapters on 1974 investigators and on computers; acknowledgements; index entry "Hawke, Ronald S." http://www.mbdodd.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/6/14162844/the_geller_effect_-_uri_geller_and_guy_lyon_playfair.pdf.
[^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. Sole source for the passages so cited; the writer and the caller are not named. [^5]: CIA document CIA-RDP79-00999A000200010023-0, "Declassified in Part, Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/01/09," archive.org item cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0, https://archive.org/download/cia-readingroom-document-cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0/cia-rdp79-00999a000200010023-0_djvu.txt. The writer and the caller are not named.
[^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), p. 179. Sole source for the passages so cited; Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3). [^6]: Annie Jacobsen, *Phenomena: The Secret History of the U.S. Government's Investigations into Extrasensory Perception and Psychokinesis* (Little, Brown, 2017), p. 179. Hawke's own wording in *The Geller Papers* differs (note 3).
[^7]: Hawke, outline of January 11, 1979, as in note 1; cover letter, reference WT 79-0027A. [^7]: Hawke, outline of January 11, 1979, as in note 1; cover letter, reference WT 79-0027A.
[^8]: Hawke outline, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5_djvu.txt. [^8]: Hawke outline, CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5/CIA-RDP96-00787R000200130003-5_djvu.txt.
[^9]: Unsigned note, "101-06 Lawrence Livermore Lab. Metal Bending - R.S. Hawke," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8_djvu.txt. [^9]: Unsigned note, "101-06 Lawrence Livermore Lab. Metal Bending - R.S. Hawke," CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8, https://archive.org/download/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8/CIA-RDP96-00788R001100100002-8_djvu.txt.

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/R.C. Horsch.md
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@ -256,4 +256,4 @@ On September 16, 2026, Deputy Police Commissioner [[Frank Vanore]] said that inv
[^82]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html [^82]: Briggs, Ryan W., Max Marin, Barbara Laker, and Ellie Rushing. "Raymond Horsch had access to a Kensington crematorium linked to illegal body parts sales, years before missing persons investigation," *The Philadelphia Inquirer,* September 21, 2026. https://www.inquirer.com/news/raymond-horsch-missing-women-kensington-bodies-crematorium-20260921.html
[^83]: "Philadelphia police identify 58 people in images from investigation into Olney house," *CBS News Philadelphia,* September 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/horsch-investigation-chew-avenue-olney-philadelphia/ [^83]: "Philadelphia police identify 58 people in images from investigation into Olney house," *CBS News Philadelphia,* September 2026. https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/horsch-investigation-chew-avenue-olney-philadelphia/
[^84]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175 [^84]: "Eugene Horsch Denies He's a Serial Killer as Philadelphia Cops Hunt for Missing Women," *Newsweek,* 2026. https://www.newsweek.com/philadelphia-obviously-serial-killer-former-fbi-agent-12457175
[^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings Sole source for the name Krista in *Empathy*. [^85]: Stevenson, Thomas, summarizing a *New York Post* report. "'I am a murderer': Suspect in Philly 'house of horrors' case said humans are 'cancer,' railed against racism, global warming in writings," *The Post Millennial,* October 1, 2026. https://thepostmillennial.com/i-am-a-murderer-suspect-in-philly-house-of-horrors-case-said-humans-are-cancer-railed-against-racism-global-warming-in-writings

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Richard Halvorsen.md
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@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ The writer S. Dovey wrote that the case broke when film found in a malfunctionin
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record. Sole source for the passages so cited. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. It spells the assistant scoutmaster "Harry O'Cramer"; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions give Harry O. Cramer. Robert Lang does not appear in the 1977 hearing record.
[^2]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, and *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, both reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443; the Tribune piece also in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041 [^2]: Wright, Marilyn. *Traverse City Record-Eagle,* 1976-1977, and *Chicago Tribune,* May 1977, both reprinted in U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime. *Sexual Exploitation of Children,* hearings, 95th Congress, 1st session, Serial No. 12, 1977, pp. 439-443; the Tribune piece also in U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency. *Protection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation,* hearings, 1977. https://archive.org/details/micro_IA41153502_0041
[^3]: *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Blackburn* (La. 1980) and *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Maggio* (La. 1982), Louisiana Supreme Court, CourtListener case captions. [^3]: *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Blackburn* (La. 1980) and *State ex rel. Halvorsen v. Maggio* (La. 1982), Louisiana Supreme Court, CourtListener case captions.

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Kennedy.md
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@ -153,11 +153,11 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin
[^1]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, 85th Cong., Part 10, July 31 to August 6, 1957, pp. 3591-3593 (members present, including Senator John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy, chief counsel; Chairman McClellan's opening statement; Kennedy's explanation of the charts follows). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi10unit [^1]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, 85th Cong., Part 10, July 31 to August 6, 1957, pp. 3591-3593 (members present, including Senator John F. Kennedy and Robert F. Kennedy, chief counsel; Chairman McClellan's opening statement; Kennedy's explanation of the charts follows). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi10unit
[^2]: _Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963_, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, doc. 53, Memorandum From Attorney General Kennedy to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d53 [^2]: _Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963_, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, doc. 53, Memorandum From Attorney General Kennedy to President Kennedy, October 24, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d53
[^3]: Governor Gavin Newsom, Indeterminate Sentence Parole Release Review, Sirhan Sirhan, B-21014, decision of January 13, 2022 (statement of facts; board hearings of 1975 and August 27, 2021). https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.13.22-Sirhan-Reverse-Decision.pdf [^3]: Governor Gavin Newsom, Indeterminate Sentence Parole Release Review, Sirhan Sirhan, B-21014, decision of January 13, 2022 (statement of facts; board hearings of 1975 and August 27, 2021). https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.13.22-Sirhan-Reverse-Decision.pdf
[^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100. Sole source for the passage on the 1988 interview. [^4]: Hersh, Seymour M. _The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy_. Random House, 1991, chapter 8, pp. 99-100.
[^5]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings, Part 13, August 20-23, 1957, testimony of James R. Hoffa, pp. 4927-4937 (oath, p. 4927; prepared statement, pp. 4929-4930; examination by Kennedy begins p. 4930; antitrust, extortion and nolo contendere exchange, pp. 4931-4932). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi13unit [^5]: "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field," Hearings, Part 13, August 20-23, 1957, testimony of James R. Hoffa, pp. 4927-4937 (oath, p. 4927; prepared statement, pp. 4929-4930; examination by Kennedy begins p. 4930; antitrust, extortion and nolo contendere exchange, pp. 4931-4932). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi13unit
[^6]: Hearings, Part 36 (August 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 1958; Hoffa sworn as president of the Teamsters, p. 13278); Part 37 (August 13-20, 1958); Part 40 (September 11-November 17, 1958); Part 54 (June 25-30, 1959); Part 56 (July 10, 13 and 14, 1959; Hoffa "Resumed" with counsel Edward Bennett Williams, pp. 19693 ff.). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi36unit and the corresponding items investigationofi37unit, investigationofi40unit, investigationofi54unit and investigationofi56unit. [^6]: Hearings, Part 36 (August 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 1958; Hoffa sworn as president of the Teamsters, p. 13278); Part 37 (August 13-20, 1958); Part 40 (September 11-November 17, 1958); Part 54 (June 25-30, 1959); Part 56 (July 10, 13 and 14, 1959; Hoffa "Resumed" with counsel Edward Bennett Williams, pp. 19693 ff.). https://archive.org/details/investigationofi36unit and the corresponding items investigationofi37unit, investigationofi40unit, investigationofi54unit and investigationofi56unit.
[^7]: CIA Reading Room, "Summary of DDO File on Robert F. Kennedy, 201-211732," with the request for approval of March 16, 1964 (Project ORSENSE), CIA Reading Room document 07164990. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07164990 [^7]: CIA Reading Room, "Summary of DDO File on Robert F. Kennedy, 201-211732," with the request for approval of March 16, 1964 (Project ORSENSE), CIA Reading Room document 07164990. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07164990
[^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. Sole source for Loeb's account of Kennedy's request to Dulles. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF [^8]: FBI memorandum, R. O. Lallier to A. H. Belmont, May 24, 1961, file 92-2713-175,176, NARA record 124-10210-10327 (JFK release), reporting Paul Loeb's account of a May 12, 1961 interview by Agent Papich in Guatemala City. The April 4, 1961 deportation date is from the report of Blakey, Cornwell and Ewing on Carlos Marcello, House Select Committee on Assassinations, _Report_, vol. IX, pp. 69-75, as summarized by Laura Denk, Assassination Records Review Board, file 4.0.1.3. https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/jfk2022/124-10210-10327.pdf and https://documents3.theblackvault.com/documents/jfkfiles/NARA-Oct2017/ARRB/LDENK/WP-DOCS/ORGCRIME/MARCELLO.RTP.PDF
[^9]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 269 (Goodwin to President Kennedy, November 1, 1961), doc. 270 (editorial note: November 3, 1961 meeting; Robert Kennedy's handwritten notes of 11/7/61; the Special Group (Augmented)), and doc. 278 (memorandum of November 30, 1961, and editorial note on the November 22 version). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270 [^9]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961-September 1962, doc. 269 (Goodwin to President Kennedy, November 1, 1961), doc. 270 (editorial note: November 3, 1961 meeting; Robert Kennedy's handwritten notes of 11/7/61; the Special Group (Augmented)), and doc. 278 (memorandum of November 30, 1961, and editorial note on the November 22 version). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v10/d270
[^10]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, _Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report_ (1975), p. 140 (Special Group (Augmented); Taylor named chairman; Goodwin's proposal; Robert Kennedy's role). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^10]: Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, _Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders: An Interim Report_ (1975), p. 140 (Special Group (Augmented); Taylor named chairman; Goodwin's proposal; Robert Kennedy's role). https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^11]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 10, Memorandum From the CIA Project Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), October 8, 1962, "Sabotage of Cuban-Owned Ship." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d10 [^11]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 10, Memorandum From the CIA Project Officer for Operation Mongoose (Harvey) to the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose (Lansdale), October 8, 1962, "Sabotage of Cuban-Owned Ship." https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d10
@ -168,24 +168,24 @@ The Board of Parole Hearings found Sirhan suitable for parole in 1975 and rescin
[^16]: Church Committee interim report (1975), section on the May 7, 1962 briefing of the Attorney General, pp. 131-134, citing Houston testimony of June 2, 1975, p. 14; Edwards testimony of May 30, 1975, p. 17; Edwards memorandum to the Attorney General, May 14, 1962; Hoover memorandum, May 10, 1962; Miller memorandum, April 24, 1962; Helms testimony of September 16, 1975, p. 8; and the Inspector General's Report, pp. 65 and 118. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit [^16]: Church Committee interim report (1975), section on the May 7, 1962 briefing of the Attorney General, pp. 131-134, citing Houston testimony of June 2, 1975, p. 14; Edwards testimony of May 30, 1975, p. 17; Edwards memorandum to the Attorney General, May 14, 1962; Hoover memorandum, May 10, 1962; Miller memorandum, April 24, 1962; Helms testimony of September 16, 1975, p. 8; and the Inspector General's Report, pp. 65 and 118. https://archive.org/details/allegedassassina00unit
[^17]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, doc. 21, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, September 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21 [^17]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges, doc. 21, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, September 29, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, September 30. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d21
[^18]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, doc. 23, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, November 9, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, November 11. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d23 [^18]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. VI, doc. 23, Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, November 9, 1961, editorial note on delivery by Bolshakov to Salinger, November 11. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v06/d23
[^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). Sole source for the oral history quotation is Chandler's citation. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161 [^19]: Justin Chandler, "'Thank God for Bobby': Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis," Air University, School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, June 2017, pp. 95-96 (citing Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_ (1997), pp. 110-113; Larry Tye, _Bobby Kennedy_ (2016), p. 247; and the Robert F. Kennedy oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, as cited there). https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
[^20]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 194, Editorial Note (meeting of November 19, 1962, citing Memorandum by Robert Kennedy, November 30, as cited in Schlesinger, _Robert Kennedy and His Times_, p. 550). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d194 [^20]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 194, Editorial Note (meeting of November 19, 1962, citing Memorandum by Robert Kennedy, November 30, as cited in Schlesinger, _Robert Kennedy and His Times_, p. 550). https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d194
[^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. Sole source. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161 [^21]: Chandler, "Thank God for Bobby," pp. 98-101 (citing Lebow and Stein, _We All Lost the Cold War_ (1994), p. 68; Brugioni, _Eyeball to Eyeball_, p. 178; and Fursenko and Naftali, _One Hell of a Gamble_, pp. 194 and 197). The Kennedy remark rests on Brugioni as cited by Chandler. https://archive.org/details/DTIC_AD1047161
[^22]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 247, Message From President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev, December 14, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d247 [^22]: _FRUS 1961-1963_, vol. XI, doc. 247, Message From President Kennedy to Chairman Khrushchev, December 14, 1962. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v11/d247
[^23]: Church Committee, _Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans_ (Book III, 1976), Section IV.B, "Wiretap Surveillance of Dr. King and the SCLC: October 1963-June 1966," pp. 115-116, citing Bland to Sullivan memorandum of 9/6/63, Hoover to the Attorney General of 10/7/63 and 10/18/63, and Evans to Belmont memoranda of 10/10/63 and 10/21/63; installation table, p. 116. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee [^23]: Church Committee, _Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans_ (Book III, 1976), Section IV.B, "Wiretap Surveillance of Dr. King and the SCLC: October 1963-June 1966," pp. 115-116, citing Bland to Sullivan memorandum of 9/6/63, Hoover to the Attorney General of 10/7/63 and 10/18/63, and Evans to Belmont memoranda of 10/10/63 and 10/21/63; installation table, p. 116. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^24]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), p. 117, citing Burke Marshall testimony of March 3, 1976, pp. 20 and 55. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee [^24]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), p. 117, citing Burke Marshall testimony of March 3, 1976, pp. 20 and 55. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. Sole source for Guthman's account of what Kennedy told him in 1968. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee [^25]: Church Committee, Book III (1976), pp. 117-118, citing Edwin O. Guthman testimony of March 16, 1976, pp. 5 and 15-17. https://archive.org/details/ChurchCommittee
[^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. Sole source for the Kennedy meeting. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI [^26]: FBI, Marilyn Monroe file, Mexico City report covering her February 1962 visit to Mexico (text dated February 21 and 23, 1962), in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
[^27]: FBI memorandum, stamped August 1, 1973, file 105-40018 (Marilyn Monroe), concerning Norman Mailer's book on Monroe, in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI [^27]: FBI memorandum, stamped August 1, 1973, file 105-40018 (Marilyn Monroe), concerning Norman Mailer's book on Monroe, in the Marilyn Monroe FBI Files. https://archive.org/details/MarilynMonroeFBI
[^28]: Department of State outgoing telegram to American embassy Amman and other posts, drafted by NEA (Lucius D. Battle) June 5, 1968, CIA Reading Room document 05161067. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-05161067 [^28]: Department of State outgoing telegram to American embassy Amman and other posts, drafted by NEA (Lucius D. Battle) June 5, 1968, CIA Reading Room document 05161067. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-05161067
[^29]: CIA Reading Room document 07169750, memorandum for the record, "Suspicion of 'Palestinian' Conspiracy Behind Kennedy Assassination," June 14, 1968. The archived OCR is partly illegible at the passage naming the group, so that wording is a paraphrase. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169750 [^29]: CIA Reading Room document 07169750, memorandum for the record, "Suspicion of 'Palestinian' Conspiracy Behind Kennedy Assassination," June 14, 1968. The archived OCR is partly illegible at the passage naming the group, so that wording is a paraphrase. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169750
[^30]: CIA Reading Room document 07169746, Deputy Director to FBI, "Sirhan Investigation," July 23, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169746 [^30]: CIA Reading Room document 07169746, Deputy Director to FBI, "Sirhan Investigation," July 23, 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169746
[^31]: CIA Reading Room document 07169734, memorandum to the FBI Director regarding Moshe Yaacov Eldar, July 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169734 [^31]: CIA Reading Room document 07169734, memorandum to the FBI Director regarding Moshe Yaacov Eldar, July 1968. https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-07169734
[^32]: California State Archives, Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978 (collection rfkguide), finding aid, Online Archive of California, scope and content and index of interviewees (Cesar, Thane: CSA-K7, K8, K24; Pruszynski, Stus: CSA-K123). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/ [^32]: California State Archives, Los Angeles Police Department Records of the Robert F. Kennedy Assassination Investigation, ca. 1968-1978 (collection rfkguide), finding aid, Online Archive of California, scope and content and index of interviewees (Cesar, Thane: CSA-K7, K8, K24; Pruszynski, Stus: CSA-K123). https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf387002h3/
[^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. Sole source for the second-gun claim is Van Praag's abstract. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf [^33]: Philip M. Van Praag, "Acoustic Analysis of Gunshot Recordings Utilizing Frequency Selective Integrated Loudness Envelope Evaluation," American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Engineering Sciences Section, abstract C20, 2008. https://www.aafs.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/AAFS-2008-C20.pdf
[^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; Moldea's own statements are the sole source for the interview, the polygraph and his conclusion. http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf [^34]: Dan E. Moldea, account of his investigation, excerpted from _Confessions of a Guerrilla Writer_ (chapters on Gene Cesar and the polygraph) and his 1987 _Regardie's_ article; http://www.moldea.com/DEM-on-RFK.pdf
[^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. Sole source for his statements. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block [^35]: Robert F. Kennedy Jr., "Governor Newsom Should Not Block," Substack, December 14, 2021. https://robertfkennedyjr.substack.com/p/governor-newsom-should-not-block
[^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. Sole source for Pepper's statements. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/ [^36]: Linda Deutsch, Associated Press, February 28, 2011, report on Sirhan's parole hearing, as reprinted by Salon. https://www.salon.com/2011/02/28/assassin_can_t_remember_shooting_robert_kennedy/
[^37]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, News Release No. 11-25, "DNI Gabbard Releases More Than 60,000 Additional Pages Related to Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassination," May 7, 2025. https://www.odni.gov/3532/pr-11-25/ [^37]: Office of the Director of National Intelligence, News Release No. 11-25, "DNI Gabbard Releases More Than 60,000 Additional Pages Related to Senator Robert F. Kennedy Assassination," May 7, 2025. https://www.odni.gov/3532/pr-11-25/
[^38]: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, "Governor Newsom Grants Executive Clemency, Reverses Parole Decision for Sirhan Sirhan," press release, January 2022. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/01/13/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-reverses-parole-decision-for-sirhan-sirhan/ [^38]: Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, "Governor Newsom Grants Executive Clemency, Reverses Parole Decision for Sirhan Sirhan," press release, January 2022. https://www.gov.ca.gov/2022/01/13/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-reverses-parole-decision-for-sirhan-sirhan/
[^39]: "California board denies parole for RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan," KTVU, March 1, 2023. https://www.ktvu.com/news/california-board-denies-parole-for-rfk-killer-sirhan-sirhan [^39]: "California board denies parole for RFK killer Sirhan Sirhan," KTVU, March 1, 2023. https://www.ktvu.com/news/california-board-denies-parole-for-rfk-killer-sirhan-sirhan

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert Lang.md
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@ -16,4 +16,4 @@ In September 1976, film reels containing child pornography were discovered by te
Lang was arrested in September 1976 alongside fellow scout leaders Richard Halvorsen and Raymond Woodall following the identification of participants on the child pornography films from the Dallas discovery. The case was prosecuted by District Attorney [[Harry Connick]] in New Orleans, who became implicated himself through testimony from one of his witnesses during court proceedings. The arrests exposed the depth of the child trafficking network tied to Troop 137, leading to convictions for the involved parties in the boy prostitution and pornography ring.[^1] Lang was arrested in September 1976 alongside fellow scout leaders Richard Halvorsen and Raymond Woodall following the identification of participants on the child pornography films from the Dallas discovery. The case was prosecuted by District Attorney [[Harry Connick]] in New Orleans, who became implicated himself through testimony from one of his witnesses during court proceedings. The arrests exposed the depth of the child trafficking network tied to Troop 137, leading to convictions for the involved parties in the boy prostitution and pornography ring.[^1]
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. Sole source for this page. Lang is not named in the 1977 congressional hearing record, which reports the arrest of Halvorsen and Woodall without him and names Halvorsen and Woodall alone as the troop's organizers; the hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions spell the assistant scoutmaster Harry O. Cramer. [^1]: Dovey, S. *Eye of the Chickenhawk.* Thehotstar, 2023. The hearing record and Louisiana Supreme Court captions spell the assistant scoutmaster Harry O. Cramer.

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10 - PEOPLE/(H-M)/Robert S. McNamara.md
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@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ In an affidavit released in October 2003, [[Ward Boston]] states that the presid
### Footnotes ### Footnotes
[^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 8. [^1]: Hersh, Seymour M. *The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy*. Random House, 1991. Chapter 8.
[^2]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of the declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf. Sole source for the Kidd conversation. [^2]: Ward Boston Jr., affidavit as printed in the Congressional Record, Extensions of Remarks, October 11, 2004, pp. E1886-E1889, https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2004-10-11/html/CREC-2004-10-11-pt1-PgE1886-3.htm; the same sentence is paragraph 16 of the declaration dated January 8, 2004, https://archive.org/download/boston-declaration/BostonDeclaration.pdf.
[^3]: A. Jay Cristol, History News Network, June 12, 2007. Cristol quotes the testimony with ellipses and cites it as released by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1967. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that- [^3]: A. Jay Cristol, History News Network, June 12, 2007. Cristol quotes the testimony with ellipses and cites it as released by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1967. https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-you-shouldnt-pay-attention-to-the-claims-that-
[^4]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. Hart's and McNamara's statements are as the Tribune reported them. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/ [^4]: "New revelations in attack on American spy ship," *Chicago Tribune*, October 2, 2007. Hart's and McNamara's statements are as the Tribune reported them. https://www.chicagotribune.com/2007/10/02/new-revelations-in-attack-on-american-spy-ship/

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